Different Types of Embedded Processor

An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is designed especially for handling the needs of an embedded system. It is a class of computer or computer chip that is embedded in various machines. The article focus on discussing different types of embedded processor. 

What is a Processor in a System?

A processor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), is the primary component in a computer that performs most of the processing. It executes instructions that are stored in memory and perform basic arithmetic, logic, and input/output operations. 

• The processor is the “brain” of the computer and is responsible for carrying out the instructions of a computer program. 
• It reads and interprets the instructions and performs the actions required by the instructions. 
• The processor is an essential component of a computer system, as it determines the speed and performance of the system.

What is an Embedded Processor?

An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is used in an embedded system. An embedded system is a computer system that is designed to perform a specific task within a larger system. It is a self-contained system that is embedded within a larger device or system and is used to control the operation of the device. 

• Embedded processors are typically found in devices that require real-time processing capabilities, such as industrial control systems, automotive systems, and consumer electronics.
• Embedded processors are designed to be small, low-power, and efficient, as they are typically used in devices where space and power are at a premium. 
• They are also designed to be reliable and to operate for long periods of time without failure. 
• Some examples of devices that use embedded processors include smartphones, TVs, washing machines, and aircraft systems.

Types of Embedded Processors

Below are the different types of embedded processors:

1. General Purpose Processors (GPPs)

General purpose processors, also known as central processing units (CPUs), are processors that are designed to be capable of executing a wide range of tasks. They are used in computers and other devices that require high-performance processing capabilities. Some features of general-purpose processors include:

1. Instruction set: General purpose processors have a large and complex instruction set, which allows them to perform a wide range of tasks.
2. Multi-core: Many general-purpose processors are multi-core, which means they have multiple processors on a single chip. This allows them to perform multiple tasks concurrently, improving performance.
3. Clock speed: The clock speed of a processor determines how fast it can execute instructions. General-purpose processors typically have high clock speeds, which allows them to perform tasks quickly.
4. Cache: General-purpose processors have one or more levels of cache, which is a small amount of high-speed memory that is used to store frequently accessed data. This helps to improve the performance of the processor.
5. Compatibility: General-purpose processors are typically compatible with a wide range of operating systems and software applications.
6. Virtualization: Many general-purpose processors support virtualization, which allows them to run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine.
7. Power consumption: General-purpose processors can have high power consumption, which can be a concern in devices where power is limited.

2. Microprocessors

A microprocessor is a processor that is contained on a microchip, or integrated circuit (IC). It is a central processing unit (CPU) that executes the instructions of a computer program. Some features of microprocessors include:

1. Instruction set: Microprocessors have a specific instruction set that defines the operations that they can perform.
2. Clock speed: The clock speed of a microprocessor determines how fast it can execute instructions. Microprocessors typically have high clock speeds, which allows them to perform tasks quickly.
3. Data bus: The data bus is a communication pathway that is used to transfer data between the microprocessor and other components in a system.
4. Address bus: The address bus is a communication pathway that is used to transfer the address of a memory location between the microprocessor and other components in a system.
5. Cache: Many microprocessors have one or more levels of cache, which is a small amount of high-speed memory that is used to store frequently accessed data. This helps to improve the performance of the microprocessor.
6. Power consumption: Microprocessors can have relatively high power consumption, which can be a concern in devices where power is limited.
7. Size: Microprocessors are designed to be small, as they are typically used in devices where space is at a premium.
8. Cost: Microprocessors can vary in cost depending on their capabilities and features.

3. Microcontrollers

A microcontroller is a small, low-power computer that is contained in a single integrated circuit (IC). It is a type of embedded processor that is used in a wide range of devices, including consumer electronics, industrial control systems, and automotive systems. Some features of microcontrollers include:

1. On-chip peripherals: Many microcontrollers have a variety of on-chip peripherals, such as timers, serial ports, and analog-to-digital converters, which allow them to interface with external devices.
2. Memory: Microcontrollers have both program memory, which stores the instructions that are executed by the processor, and data memory, which is used to store variables and other data.
3. Input/output (I/O) pins: Microcontrollers have a set of I/O pins that can be used to interface with external devices, such as sensors or actuators.
4. Low power consumption: Microcontrollers are designed to be low-power, which makes them suitable for use in battery-powered devices.
5. Cost: Microcontrollers are typically less expensive than general-purpose processors, as they are designed for specific tasks and do not have as many capabilities.
6. Size: Microcontrollers are small, which makes them suitable for use in compact devices.
7. Flexibility: Microcontrollers are highly flexible and can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks.

4. Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

Digital signal processors (DSPs) are specialized microprocessors that are designed to process digital signals. They are used in a wide range of applications, including audio and video processing, telecommunications, and control systems. Some key features of DSPs include:

1. High-speed processing: DSPs are designed to process large amounts of data quickly, making them well-suited for real-time applications.
2. Parallel processing: Many DSPs are designed to perform multiple operations simultaneously, which can increase their processing speed and efficiency.
3. Hardware support for common operations: DSPs often include specialized hardware to support common operations, such as filtering and FFTs (Fast Fourier Transforms), which can reduce the processing overhead and improve performance.
4. Low power consumption: DSPs are often designed to be energy-efficient, making them well-suited for battery-powered applications.
5. Programmability: Most DSPs are programmable, which means that they can be customized to perform specific tasks. This allows them to be used in a wide range of applications.

5. Single-Purpose Embedded Processor

Single-purpose embedded processors, also known as application-specific embedded processors, are microprocessors that are designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks. They are used in a wide range of applications, including automotive systems, industrial control systems, and consumer electronics. Some key features of single-purpose embedded processors include:

1. Specialized functionality: Single-purpose embedded processors are designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks, making them well-suited for applications that require highly specialized functionality.
2. Low power consumption: Single-purpose embedded processors are often designed to be energy-efficient, making them well-suited for battery-powered applications.
3. Compact size: Single-purpose embedded processors are often designed to be small and lightweight, making them well-suited for applications where space is limited.
4. High reliability: Single-purpose embedded processors are often designed to be highly reliable, as they are typically used in mission-critical applications where downtime is not an option.
5. Low cost: Single-purpose embedded processors are often less expensive than general-purpose processors, as they are designed to perform a specific set of tasks and do not require the same level of flexibility and programmability.

6. System-on-Chip (SoC)

System-on-Chip (SoC) is an integrated circuit that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system onto a single chip. Some key features of SoCs include:

1. Integration: SoCs integrate all or most of the components of a system onto a single chip, which can reduce the size and complexity of the system.
2. Low power consumption: SoCs can be designed to be highly power efficient, which can be useful in battery-powered or energy-sensitive applications.
3. High performance: SoCs can be designed for high performance, making them suitable for applications that require a lot of processing power.
4. Customization: SoCs can be customized for specific applications, allowing them to be optimized for the specific requirements of those applications.
5. Reduced component count: Because many components are integrated onto a single chip, SoCs can reduce the component count of a system, which can make the system simpler and easier to manufacture.

Applications of Embedded Processors

Embedded processors are used in a wide range of applications, including:

1. Consumer electronics: Embedded processors are used in many types of consumer electronics, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other portable devices.
2. Industrial control systems: Embedded processors are used to control and monitoring industrial equipment, such as robots, conveyor belts, and other manufacturing systems.
3. Automotive systems: Embedded processors are used in automotive systems, such as engine control, traction control, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).
4. Medical devices: Embedded processors are used in medical devices, such as monitoring devices, imaging devices, and drug delivery systems.
5. Military systems: Embedded processors are used in military systems, such as missiles, aircraft, and other defense systems.
6. Communication systems: Embedded processors are used in communication systems, such as routers, switches, and other networking equipment.
7. Home automation systems: Embedded processors are used in home automation systems, such as smart thermostats, security systems, and lighting control systems.
8. Other applications: Embedded processors are used in many other applications, such as point-of-sale systems, cash registers, vending machines, and many others.

Microprocessor vs Microcontroller

Features	Microprocessor	Microcontroller
Definition	A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) that performs the majority of the processing in a computer or other device.	A microcontroller is a small computer that is integrated into a single chip and is designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks.
Clock speed	A microprocessor typically has a higher clock speed and more processing power than a microcontroller.	A microcontroller typically has a lower clock speed and more processing power than a microprocessor.
Memory requirement	A microprocessor typically requires external memory and other components to function.	A microcontroller has memory and other peripherals integrated into the same chip.
Programming language	A microprocessor is usually programmed using a high-level programming language.	A microcontroller is often programmed using a low-level language or assembly code.
Usage	A microprocessor is generally used for tasks that require more processing power, such as running an operating system or performing complex calculations. A microprocessor is typically used in devices that require frequent updates or upgrades, such as desktop computers and laptops. A microprocessor is used in general-purpose computers and devices.	A microcontroller is typically used for tasks that require more control over hardware, such as controlling a motor or reading sensors. A microcontroller is used in devices that are designed to perform a specific task and are not often updated or upgraded, such as appliances and industrial control systems. A microcontroller is used in specialized devices and systems that require more control over the hardware.
Examples	Examples of microprocessors include the Intel Core series of processors used in desktop computers and laptops and the Qualcomm Snapdragon processors used in smartphones.	Examples of microcontrollers include the Arduino Uno, which is often used in DIY electronics projects, and the PIC microcontrollers used in a variety of applications, including industrial control systems and consumer devices.