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Difference Between Cybrids and Hybrids

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Two eukaryotic cell lines are combined to create cybrids and hybrids. They are wildly popular in the field of cytogenetics. Heteroplasts and cytoplasmic hybrids are other names for hybrids. Somatic hybrids, on the other hand, are known as hybrids. Through hybridoma technology, these cell lines may be used to produce monoclonal antibodies and to study diseases, gene expression, population genetics, evolution, malignant transformation, viral replication, and gene or chromosomal mapping.

Cybrid and Hybrid

 

What are Cybrids?

A eukaryotic cell line known as a cybrid (or cytoplasmic hybrid) is created when a complete cell and a cytoplast combine. Enucleated cells make up cytoplasts. This enucleation can be accomplished by simultaneously subjecting the cell to centrifugal force and a cytoskeleton-disrupting chemical. The employment of rho-zero cells as the whole cell partner in the fusion is a specific example of cybrid creation. Rho-zero cells are those that have had their own mitochondrial DNA removed by extended exposure to the chemical ethidium bromide, which prevents the replication of mitochondrial DNA. Rho-zero cells do maintain mitochondria and are capable of expanding in a rich growth media with certain supplements. They still possess their original nuclear genome. Consequently, a cybrid is a hybrid cell that combines the mitochondrial and nuclear genes of two different cells. It is feasible to distinguish between the contributions of the mitochondrial and nuclear genes using this potent approach. Cybrids are useful in mitochondrial studies and have been utilized to offer hints of mitochondrial involvement in illnesses such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and others.

Recently, mixed human-animal hybrid embryos have been produced for medical use. 99.9% of these hybrids are people, while 0.1% are animals. These hybrids can only be retained for a maximum of 14 days while the brain and spinal cord are developing. The cybrid must then be eliminated after that. The cybrids stem cells can be extracted for medicinal use within this 14-day window. Such hybrids, however, must never be inserted into a human uterus. Additionally, because of the ethical consequences, research using hybrid embryos has been the subject of several legal disputes. This presents many difficulties for future studies on hybrids.

What are Hybrids?

Two nucleated cells are fused to create hybrids. Somatic hybridization is the method of making hybrid plants in a lab environment by fusing isolated somatic protoplasts (plant body/vegetal cells other than reproductive cells). A hybrid plant is created from the resultant heterokaryon. By combining the protoplasts of two different plant cells via the somatic hybridization procedure, a new hybrid cell having characteristics from both parent plants can be produced. Sexual hybridization between closely related species has long been used to enhance domesticated plants. Unfortunately, most of the time, sexual hybridization is only permitted between closely related wild species or, at most, between a few cultivars within a species. Thus, species barriers limit the effectiveness of sexual hybridization for improving agriculture.

Somatic hybridization plays a role in the fusing of human and mouse somatic cells in animal cells. This can be accomplished by fusing mice’s continuous cell lines with human cells, such as fibrocytes or leukocytes. In addition, hybrids may be used for research into the regulation of cell division and gene expression, the investigation of malignant transformation, viral replication, gene or chromosomal expression, and the creation of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology.

Similarities Between Cybrids and Hybrids

  1. They are particularly helpful in research on diseases, gene expression, evolution, and other topics.
  2. Two eukaryotic cell lines are combined to create hybrids and hybrids.
  3. Both hybrid and cybrid plant manufacturing is quite costly.
  4. Both are genetic changes.
  5. Legal problems arise because of the moral implications.
  6. Both have a huge following in cytogenetics.

For more information: Prokaryote Cell

Difference Between Cybrids and Hybrids

Basis of comparison

Cybrid

Hybrid

Define Two nucleated cells are fused to create Cybrids. Two nucleated cells are fused to create hybrids.
Also known as Cytoplasmic hybrids or heteroplasts Somatic hybrids
Application Studies on mitochondria:  mixed human-animal cybrid embryos and cybrids that offer hints of mitochondrial involvement in illnesses including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and other ailments. Using hybridoma technology to study the regulation of cell division, and neural expression, look at malignant transformation, replicate viruses, get gene or chromosomal expression, and produce monoclonal antibodies.
Process There is just cytoplasmic fusion. Fusion of the cytoplasm and nucleus is involved.
Commonness Less common More common
Animal and plant-based research primarily engaged in research using animal research based on both plants and animals.

FAQs on Cybrid and Hybrid

Question 1: Define Cybrid.

Answer: 

Cells or plants that have a nucleus from one species but cytoplasm from both of their parental species are considered hybrids. When a whole cell and a cytoplasm come together, they form a eukaryotic cell line called a cybrid (or cytoplasmic hybrid). Cytoplasts are made up of nucleated cells.

Question 2: Define Hybrid.

Answer: 

Two nucleated cells are fused to create hybrids. The new hybrid plant, also known as a somatic hybrid, possesses traits from both parent strains. Somatic hybridization is a hybridization technique that is widely used in both animal and plant genetic investigations.

Question 3: Write any two similarities between cybrid and hybrid?

Answer: 

The production of hybrid and cybrid plants is quite expensive and involves genetic alterations in both cases.

Question 4: Write the application of cybrid?

Answer: 

Research on mitochondria: hybrid human-animal cybrid embryos and cybrids that suggest a role for mitochondria in disorders like Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, among others.

Question 5: Write the application of hybrid?

Answer: 

Using hybridoma technology to create monoclonal antibodies, research the control of cell division, analyze malignant transformation, duplicate viruses, get gene or chromosomal expression, and examine neural expression.


Last Updated : 13 Mar, 2023
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