Data Manipulation Instructions in Computer Organization
Last Updated :
26 Jun, 2023
Data Manipulation Instructions Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide computational capabilities for the computer. The data manipulation instructions in a typical computer are usually divided into three basic types as follows.
- Arithmetic instructions
- Logical and bit manipulation instructions
- Shift instructions
Let’s discuss them one by one.
- Arithmetic instructions: The four basic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Most computers provide instructions for all four operations. Typical Arithmetic Instructions –
Name |
Mnemonic |
Example |
Explanation |
Increment |
INC |
INC B |
It will increment the register B by 1
B<-B+1
|
Decrement |
DEC |
DEC B |
It will decrement the register B by 1
B<-B-1
|
Add |
ADD |
ADD B |
It will add contents of register B to the contents of the accumulator
and store the result in the accumulator
AC<-AC+B
|
Subtract |
SUB |
SUB B |
It will subtract the contents of register B from the contents of the
accumulator and store the result in the accumulator
AC<-AC-B
|
Multiply |
MUL |
MUL B |
It will multiply the contents of register B with the contents of the
accumulator and store the result in the accumulator
AC<-AC*B
|
Divide |
DIV |
DIV B |
It will divide the contents of register B with the contents of the
accumulator and store the quotient in the accumulator
AC<-AC/B
|
Add with carry |
ADDC |
ADDC B |
It will add the contents of register B and the carry flag with the
contents of the accumulator and store the result in the
accumulator
AC<-AC+B+Carry flag
|
Subtract with borrow |
SUBB |
SUBB B |
It will subtract the contents of register B and the carry flag from
the contents of the accumulator and store the result in the
accumulator
AC<-AC-B-Carry flag
|
Negate(2’s complement) |
NEG |
NEG B |
It will negate a value by finding 2’s complement of its single operand.
This means simply operand by -1.
B<-B’+1
|
- Logical and Bit Manipulation Instructions: Logical instructions perform binary operations on strings of bits stored in registers. They are helpful for manipulating individual bits or a group of bits. Typical Logical and Bit Manipulation Instructions –
Name |
Mnemonic |
Example |
Explanation |
Clear |
CLR |
CLR |
It will set the accumulator to 0
AC<-0
|
Complement |
COM |
COM A |
It will complement the accumulator
AC<-(AC)’
|
AND |
AND |
AND B |
It will AND the contents of register B with the contents of accumulator and store
it in the accumulator
AC<-AC AND B
|
OR |
OR |
OR B |
It will OR the contents of register B with the contents of accumulator and store it
in the accumulator
AC<-AC OR B
|
Exclusive-OR |
XOR |
XOR B |
It will XOR the contents of register B with the contents of the accumulator and
store it in the accumulator
AC<-AC XOR B
|
Clear carry |
CLRC |
CLRC |
It will set the carry flag to 0
Carry flag<-0
|
Set carry |
SETC |
SETC |
It will set the carry flag to 1
Carry flag<-1
|
Complement carry |
COMC |
COMC |
It will complement the carry flag
Carry flag<- (Carry flag)’
|
Enable interrupt |
EI |
EI |
It will enable the interrupt |
Disable interrupt |
DI |
DI |
It will disable the interrupt |
- Shift Instructions: Shifts are operations in which the bits of a word are moved to the left or right. Shift instructions may specify either logical shifts, arithmetic shifts, or rotate-type operations. Typical Shift Instructions –
Name |
Mnemonic |
Logical shift right |
SHR |
Logical shift left |
SHL |
Arithmetic shift right |
SHRA |
Arithmetic shift left |
SHLA |
Rotate right |
ROR |
Rotate left |
ROL |
Rotate right through carry |
RORC |
Rotate left through carry |
ROLC |
For Shift Instructions, refer to this Reference for Shift Instructions
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