Count of paths in given Binary Tree with odd bitwise AND for Q queries

Given an integer Q representing the number of queries and an array where each query has an integer N. Our task is to iterate through each query and find the number of paths such that bitwise AND of all nodes on that path is odd. 

A binary tree is constructed with N vertices numbered 1 through N. For each i, from 2 to N, there is an edge between vertex i and vertex i / 2 (rounded off). 

Examples:

Input: Q = 2, [5, 2]
Output: 1 0
Explanation: 
For first query the binary tree will be 
        1
      /   \ 
     2     3
   /   \
  4     5
The path which satisfies
the condition is 1 -> 3.
Hence only 1 path.
For the second query,
the binary tree will be 
        1
       /
      2 
There no such path that
satisfies the condition.

Input: Q = 3, [3, 7, 13]
Output: 1 3 4 

Approach: The idea is to use Dynamic Programming and precomputation of answers for all values from 1 to the maximum value of N in the query.  

• Firstly, observe that if a bitwise AND of a path is odd, then none elements of that path can be even. Hence, the required path should have odd elements.
• We know that for an i^th node (except for node 1) the parent node will be i/2 (rounded off). Maintain a dp array for storing the answer for the i^th node. Another array will be used to store the number of odd elements from the current node until the parents are odd.
• While computing the dp array, the first condition is if the i^th node value is even, then dp[i] = dp[i – 1] because the i^th node will not contribute to the answer, so dp[i] will be the answer to (i-1)^th node. Secondly, if i^th node is odd, then dp[i] = dp[i-1] + nC2 -(n-1)C2. On simplification dp[i] = dp[i-1] + (number of odd elements till now) – 1.

Below is the implementation of the above approach: 

C++

// C++ implementation to count
// paths in Binary Tree
// with odd bitwise AND

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Function to count number of paths
// in binary tree such that bitwise
// AND of all nodes is Odd
void compute(vector<int> query)
{
    // vector v for storing
    // the count of odd numbers

    // vector dp to store the
    // count of bitwise odd paths
    // till that vertex
    vector<int> v(100001), dp(100001);

    v[1] = 1, v[2] = 0;
    dp[1] = 0, dp[2] = 0;

    // Precomputing for each value
    for (int i = 3; i < 100001; i++) {
        // check for odd value
        if (i % 2 != 0) {
            if ((i / 2) % 2 == 0) {
                v[i] = 1;
                dp[i] = dp[i - 1];
            }

            else {
                // Number of odd elements will
                // be +1 till the parent node
                v[i] = v[i / 2] + 1;
                dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + v[i] - 1;
            }
        }

        // For even case
        else {
            // Since node is even
            // Number of odd elements
            // will be 0
            v[i] = 0;

            // Even value node will
            // not contribute in answer
            // hence dp[i] = previous answer
            dp[i] = dp[i - 1];
        }
    }
    // Printing the answer
    // for each query
    for (auto x : query)
        cout << dp[x] << endl;
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    // vector to store queries
    vector<int> query = { 5, 2 };
    compute(query);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java implementation to count
// paths in Binary Tree
// with odd bitwise AND
class GFG{

// Function to count number of paths
// in binary tree such that bitwise
// AND of all nodes is Odd
static void compute(int[] query)
{

    // v for storing the count
    // of odd numbers

    // dp to store the count of
    // bitwise odd paths
    // till that vertex
    int []v = new int[100001];
    int []dp = new int[100001];

    v[1] = 1; v[2] = 0;
    dp[1] = 0; dp[2] = 0;

    // Precomputing for each value
    for(int i = 3; i < 100001; i++)
    {

       // Check for odd value
       if (i % 2 != 0)
       {
           if ((i / 2) % 2 == 0)
           {
               v[i] = 1;
               dp[i] = dp[i - 1];
           }
           else
           {

               // Number of odd elements will
               // be +1 till the parent node
               v[i] = v[i / 2] + 1;
               dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + v[i] - 1;
           }
       }

       // For even case
       else
       {

           // Since node is even
           // Number of odd elements
           // will be 0
           v[i] = 0;

           // Even value node will
           // not contribute in answer
           // hence dp[i] = previous answer
           dp[i] = dp[i - 1];
       }
    }

    // Printing the answer
    // for each query
    for(int x : query)
       System.out.print(dp[x] + "\n");
}

// Driver code
public static void main(String[] args)
{

    // To store queries
    int []query = { 5, 2 };

    compute(query);
}
}

// This code is contributed by Princi Singh

Python3

# Python3 implementation to count
# paths in Binary Tree with odd
# bitwise AND

# Function to count number of paths
# in binary tree such that bitwise
# AND of all nodes is Odd
def compute(query):

    # vector v for storing
    # the count of odd numbers

    # vector dp to store the
    # count of bitwise odd paths
    # till that vertex
    v = [None] * 100001
    dp = [None] * 100001

    v[1] = 1
    v[2] = 0
    dp[1] = 0
    dp[2] = 0

    # Precomputing for each value
    for i in range(3, 100001):

        # Check for odd value
        if (i % 2 != 0):
            if ((i // 2) % 2 == 0):
                v[i] = 1
                dp[i] = dp[i - 1]

            else:

                # Number of odd elements will
                # be +1 till the parent node
                v[i] = v[i // 2] + 1
                dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + v[i] - 1

        # For even case
        else:

            # Since node is even
            # Number of odd elements
            # will be 0
            v[i] = 0

            # Even value node will
            # not contribute in answer
            # hence dp[i] = previous answer
            dp[i] = dp[i - 1]

    # Printing the answer
    # for each query
    for x in query:
        print(dp[x])

# Driver code

# Vector to store queries
query = [ 5, 2 ]

compute(query)

# This code is contributed by sanjoy_62

C#

// C# implementation to count
// paths in Binary Tree
// with odd bitwise AND
using System;

class GFG{

// Function to count number of paths
// in binary tree such that bitwise
// AND of all nodes is Odd
static void compute(int[] query)
{

    // v for storing the count
    // of odd numbers

    // dp to store the count of
    // bitwise odd paths
    // till that vertex
    int []v = new int[100001];
    int []dp = new int[100001];

    v[1] = 1; v[2] = 0;
    dp[1] = 0; dp[2] = 0;

    // Precomputing for each value
    for(int i = 3; i < 100001; i++)
    {

        // Check for odd value
        if (i % 2 != 0)
        {
            if ((i / 2) % 2 == 0)
            {
                v[i] = 1;
                dp[i] = dp[i - 1];
            }
            else
            {

                // Number of odd elements will
                // be +1 till the parent node
                v[i] = v[i / 2] + 1;
                dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + v[i] - 1;
            }
        }

        // For even case
        else
        {

            // Since node is even
            // Number of odd elements
            // will be 0
            v[i] = 0;

            // Even value node will
            // not contribute in answer
            // hence dp[i] = previous answer
            dp[i] = dp[i - 1];
        }
    }

    // Printing the answer
    // for each query
    foreach(int x in query)
    Console.Write(dp[x] + "\n");
}

// Driver code
public static void Main(String[] args)
{

    // To store queries
    int []query = { 5, 2 };

    compute(query);
}
}

// This code is contributed by Amit Katiyar

Javascript

<script>

// Javascript implementation to count
// paths in Binary Tree
// with odd bitwise AND

// Function to count number of paths
// in binary tree such that bitwise
// AND of all nodes is Odd
function compute(query)
{
    // vector v for storing
    // the count of odd numbers

    // vector dp to store the
    // count of bitwise odd paths
    // till that vertex
    var v = Array(100001).fill(0);
    var dp = Array(100001).fill(0);

    v[1] = 1, v[2] = 0;
    dp[1] = 0, dp[2] = 0;

    // Precomputing for each value
    for (var i = 3; i < 100001; i++) {
        // check for odd value
        if (i % 2 != 0) {
            if (parseInt(i / 2) % 2 == 0) {
                v[i] = 1;
                dp[i] = dp[i - 1];
            }

            else {
                // Number of odd elements will
                // be +1 till the parent node
                v[i] = v[parseInt(i / 2)] + 1;
                dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + v[i] - 1;
            }
        }

        // For even case
        else {
            // Since node is even
            // Number of odd elements
            // will be 0
            v[i] = 0;

            // Even value node will
            // not contribute in answer
            // hence dp[i] = previous answer
            dp[i] = dp[i - 1];
        }
    }
    // Printing the answer
    // for each query
    query.forEach(x => {

        document.write( dp[x] + "<br>");
    });
}

// Driver code
// vector to store queries
var query = [5, 2];
compute(query);

</script>

Output:

1
0

Time Complexity: O( Nmax + Q*(1) ), where Nmax is the maximum value of N. Q*(1) since we are precomputing each query.
Auxiliary Space: O(Nmax)