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Count of jumps to reach the end of Array by jumping from arr[i] to arr[arr[i]]

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Given an array arr[] of N integers, the task is to find the number of jumps required to escape the array arr[] for all values of i as the starting indices in the range [0, N) where the only possible jump from arr[i] is to arr[arr[i]] and escaping the array means arr[i]>=N, i.e, the index for the next jump does not exist.

Examples:

Input: arr[] = {2, 3, 4, 1, 10}
Output: 3 -1 2 -1 1
Explanation:  

  1. For i = 0, initially the current index x is 0. After the 1st jump, the current index becomes x = arr[x] = arr[0] = 2. Similarly, after the 2nd jump, the current index becomes x = arr[2] = 4. After the 3rd jump x = arr[4] =10, which is greater than the array size. Therefore the number of steps required to escape the array is 3.
  2. For i = 1, initially the current index x is 1. After the 1st jump, x = arr[1] = 3. After the 2nd jump, x = arr[3] = 1, which has already been visited and hence forming a closed loop. Therefore it is impossible to escape the array from index 1.

Input: arr[] = {3, 12, 2, 7, 4, 10, 35, 5, 9, 27}
Output: 4 1 -1 3 -1 1 1 2 2 1

Approach: The given problem can be solved with the help of Recursion. Below are the steps to follow:

  • Create an array visited[], which stores whether the current index has been visited already. Initially, visited = {0}.
  • Create an array cntJumps[], which stores the number of jumps required for all indices in the range [0, N). Initially, cntJumps = {0}.
  • Create a recursive function countJumps() which calculates the number of jumps required to escape the array from the current index.
  • In the function countJumps(), if the answer of the current index is already calculated, return answer else if the current node is already visited, return -1 else if the array will be escaped after the jump from the current index, return 1.
  • Recursively calculate the count of jumps after the current jump i.e, countJumps(i) = 1 + countJumps(arr[i]). Store the answers in the array cntJumps[].
  • Print the array cntJumps[], which is the required answer.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:     

C++




// C++ program for the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Stores the number of jumps
int cntJumps[100];
 
// Stores if the current index is visited
int visited[100];
 
// Recursive function to find the number of
// jumps to escape the array from index i
int countJumps(int arr[], int N, int i)
{
    // If the answer for the current index is
    // already calculated
    if (cntJumps[i] != 0) {
        return cntJumps[i];
    }
 
    // If the current index is already visited
    if (visited[i]) {
        return -1;
    }
 
    // Mark current index as visited
    visited[i] = true;
 
    // If the array is escaped after the jump
    // from the current index
    if (arr[i] >= N) {
        return cntJumps[i] = 1;
    }
 
    // Recursive call for the next jump
    int val = countJumps(arr, N, arr[i]);
 
    // If it is impossible to escape the array
    if (val == -1)
        cntJumps[i] = -1;
    else
        cntJumps[i] = 1 + val;
 
    // Return answer
    return cntJumps[i];
}
 
// Function to print the number of jumps
// required to escape the array from
// ith index for all values of i in [0, N)
void printCountJumps(int arr[], int N)
{
    // Initialize visited array as 0
    memset(visited, 0, sizeof(visited));
 
    // Initialize cntJump array by 0
    memset(cntJumps, 0, sizeof(cntJumps));
 
    // Loop to iterate over all values of i
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 
        // If the index i is not visited already
        if (!visited[i]) {
            countJumps(arr, N, i);
        }
    }
 
    // Print Answer
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        cout << cntJumps[i] << " ";
    }
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 3, 12, 2, 7, 4, 10, 35, 5, 9, 27 };
    int N = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
 
    printCountJumps(arr, N);
 
    return 0;
}


Java




// Java program for the above approach
 
public class GFG {
 
// Stores the number of jumps
static int cntJumps[] = new int[100];
 
// Stores if the current index is visited
static int visited[] = new int[100];
 
// Recursive function to find the number of
// jumps to escape the array from index i
static int countJumps(int arr[], int N, int i)
{
    // If the answer for the current index is
    // already calculated
    if (cntJumps[i] != 0) {
        return cntJumps[i];
    }
 
    // If the current index is already visited
    if (visited[i] != 0) {
        return -1;
    }
 
    // Mark current index as visited
    visited[i] = 1;
 
    // If the array is escaped after the jump
    // from the current index
    if (arr[i] >= N) {
        cntJumps[i] = 1;
        return cntJumps[i];
    }
 
    // Recursive call for the next jump
    int val = countJumps(arr, N, arr[i]);
 
    // If it is impossible to escape the array
    if (val == -1)
        cntJumps[i] = -1;
    else
        cntJumps[i] = 1 + val;
 
    // Return answer
    return cntJumps[i];
}
 
// Function to print the number of jumps
// required to escape the array from
// ith index for all values of i in [0, N)
static void printCountJumps(int arr[], int N)
{
    // Initialize visited array as 0
    for (int i = 0; i < visited.length; i++)
        visited[i] = 0;
         
    // Initialize cntJump array by 0
    for (int i = 0; i < cntJumps.length; i++)
        cntJumps[i] = 0;
 
    // Loop to iterate over all values of i
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 
        // If the index i is not visited already
        if (visited[i] == 0) {
            countJumps(arr, N, i);
        }
    }
 
    // Print Answer
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        System.out.print(cntJumps[i] + " ");
    }
}
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void main (String[] args)
    {
        int arr[] = { 3, 12, 2, 7, 4, 10, 35, 5, 9, 27 };
        int N = arr.length;
     
        printCountJumps(arr, N);
     
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by AnkThon


Python3




# Python program for the above approach
 
# Stores the number of jumps
cntJumps = [0 for _ in range(100)]
 
# Stores if the current index is visited
visited = [0 for _ in range(100)]
 
# Recursive function to find the number of
# jumps to escape the array from index i
def countJumps(arr, N, i):
    global visited
    global cntJumps
 
    # If the answer for the current index is
    # already calculated
    if (cntJumps[i] != 0):
        return cntJumps[i]
 
        # If the current index is already visited
    if (visited[i]):
        return -1
 
        # Mark current index as visited
    visited[i] = True
 
    # If the array is escaped after the jump
    # from the current index
    if (arr[i] >= N):
        cntJumps[i] = 1
        return cntJumps[i]
 
        # Recursive call for the next jump
    val = countJumps(arr, N, arr[i])
 
    # If it is impossible to escape the array
    if (val == -1):
        cntJumps[i] = -1
    else:
        cntJumps[i] = 1 + val
 
        # Return answer
    return cntJumps[i]
 
 
# Function to print the number of jumps
# required to escape the array from
# ith index for all values of i in [0, N)
def printCountJumps(arr,  N):
 
        # Loop to iterate over all values of i
    for i in range(0, N):
 
        # If the index i is not visited already
        if (not visited[i]):
            countJumps(arr, N, i)
 
    # Print Answer
    for i in range(0, N):
        print(cntJumps[i], end=" ")
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__":
 
    arr = [3, 12, 2, 7, 4, 10, 35, 5, 9, 27]
    N = len(arr)
    printCountJumps(arr, N)
 
    # This code is contributed by rakeshsahni


C#




// C# program for the above approach
using System;
 
public class GFG {
 
// Stores the number of jumps
static int []cntJumps = new int[100];
 
// Stores if the current index is visited
static int []visited = new int[100];
 
// Recursive function to find the number of
// jumps to escape the array from index i
static int countJumps(int []arr, int N, int i)
{
   
    // If the answer for the current index is
    // already calculated
    if (cntJumps[i] != 0) {
        return cntJumps[i];
    }
 
    // If the current index is already visited
    if (visited[i] != 0) {
        return -1;
    }
 
    // Mark current index as visited
    visited[i] = 1;
 
    // If the array is escaped after the jump
    // from the current index
    if (arr[i] >= N) {
        cntJumps[i] = 1;
        return cntJumps[i];
    }
 
    // Recursive call for the next jump
    int val = countJumps(arr, N, arr[i]);
 
    // If it is impossible to escape the array
    if (val == -1)
        cntJumps[i] = -1;
    else
        cntJumps[i] = 1 + val;
 
    // Return answer
    return cntJumps[i];
}
 
// Function to print the number of jumps
// required to escape the array from
// ith index for all values of i in [0, N)
static void printCountJumps(int []arr, int N)
{
   
    // Initialize visited array as 0
    for (int i = 0; i < visited.Length; i++)
        visited[i] = 0;
         
    // Initialize cntJump array by 0
    for (int i = 0; i < cntJumps.Length; i++)
        cntJumps[i] = 0;
 
    // Loop to iterate over all values of i
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
 
        // If the index i is not visited already
        if (visited[i] == 0) {
            countJumps(arr, N, i);
        }
    }
 
    // Print Answer
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        Console.Write(cntJumps[i] + " ");
    }
}
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void Main (string[] args)
    {
        int []arr = { 3, 12, 2, 7, 4, 10, 35, 5, 9, 27 };
        int N = arr.Length;
     
        printCountJumps(arr, N);
     
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by AnkThon


Javascript




<script>
// Javascript program for the above approach
 
// Stores the number of jumps
let cntJumps = new Array(100);
 
// Stores if the current index is visited
let visited = new Array(100);
 
// Recursive function to find the number of
// jumps to escape the array from index i
function countJumps(arr, N, i)
{
 
  // If the answer for the current index is
  // already calculated
  if (cntJumps[i] != 0) {
    return cntJumps[i];
  }
 
  // If the current index is already visited
  if (visited[i]) {
    return -1;
  }
 
  // Mark current index as visited
  visited[i] = true;
 
  // If the array is escaped after the jump
  // from the current index
  if (arr[i] >= N) {
    return (cntJumps[i] = 1);
  }
 
  // Recursive call for the next jump
  let val = countJumps(arr, N, arr[i]);
 
  // If it is impossible to escape the array
  if (val == -1) cntJumps[i] = -1;
  else cntJumps[i] = 1 + val;
 
  // Return answer
  return cntJumps[i];
}
 
// Function to print the number of jumps
// required to escape the array from
// ith index for all values of i in [0, N)
function printCountJumps(arr, N) {
  // Initialize visited array as 0
  visited.fill(0);
 
  // Initialize cntJump array by 0
  cntJumps.fill(0);
 
  // Loop to iterate over all values of i
  for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    // If the index i is not visited already
    if (!visited[i]) {
      countJumps(arr, N, i);
    }
  }
 
  // Print Answer
  for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    document.write(cntJumps[i] + " ");
  }
}
 
// Driver Code
 
let arr = [3, 12, 2, 7, 4, 10, 35, 5, 9, 27];
let N = arr.length;
 
printCountJumps(arr, N);
 
// This code is contributed by saurabh_jaiswal.
</script>


 
 

Output: 

4 1 -1 3 -1 1 1 2 2 1

 

 

Time Complexity: O(N)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)

 



Last Updated : 23 Dec, 2021
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