Count of elements which form a loop in an Array according to given constraints

Given an array A containing N integers, the task is to count the number of elements which form a cycle in the array, based on the following condition. 
Start to traverse the Array from index i and jump to its next connected index. A directed edge exits from index i of A to index j if j = GCD(i, A[i]) % N. If on traversing array in the described order, index i is again visited then index i is said to form a cycle in an array. 
Examples:

Input: A = { 1, 1, 6, 2 } 
Output: 2 
Explanation:
Possible traversals with the given condition are: 
0 -> 1 -> 1 
1 -> 1 
2 -> 2 
3 -> 2 -> 2 
Clearly, only vertices 1 and 2 forms a cycle.
Input: A = {0, 0, 0, 6} 
Output: 4 
Explanation:
Possible traversals with the given condition are: 
0 -> 0 
1 -> 1 
2 -> 2 
3 -> 3 
Clearly, all the vertices forms a cycle.

Approach:
To solve the problem mentioned above, we have to assume that each index represents a single node of the graph.

• Each node has a single directed edge from index i of A to index j if j = GCD(i, A[i]) % n. If the traversal begins from node i.
• Node i will be called parent node of this traversal and this parent node will be assigned to all the nodes visited during traversal.
• While traversing the graph if we discover a node that is already visited and parent node of that visited node is same as parent node of the traversal then a new cycle is detected.
• Now, every node in this cycle will be counted as each of them is forming the cycle. To count number of nodes in this cycle, start another DFS from this node until this same node is not visited again.
• This procedure is repeated for every node i of the graph.

In the worst case, every node will be traversed at most 3 times. Hence solution has linear time complexity.
Below is the implementation of above approach:

C++

// C++ program to number of elements
// which form a cycle in an array

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

#define mp make_pair
#define pb push_back
#define mod 1000000007

// Function to count number of
// elements forming a cycle
int solve(int A[], int n)
{
    int i, cnt = 0, j;

    // Array to store parent
    // node of traversal.
    int parent[n];

    // Array to determine
    // whether current node
    // is already counted
    // in the cycle.
    int vis[n];

    // Initialize the arrays.
    memset(parent, -1, sizeof(parent));
    memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));

    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        j = i;

        // Check if current node is already
        // traversed or not. If node is not
        // traversed yet then parent value
        // will be -1.
        if (parent[j] == -1) {

            // Traverse the graph until an
            // already visited node is not
            // found.
            while (parent[j] == -1) {
                parent[j] = i;
                j = __gcd(j, A[j]) % n;
            }

            // Check parent value to ensure
            // a cycle is present.
            if (parent[j] == i) {

                // Count number of nodes in
                // the cycle.
                while (!vis[j]) {
                    vis[j] = 1;
                    cnt++;
                    j = __gcd(j, A[j]) % n;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return cnt;
}

int main()
{
    int A[] = { 1, 1, 6, 2 };
    int n = sizeof(A) / sizeof(A[0]);
    cout << solve(A, n);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to number of elements
// which form a cycle in an array
import java.util.*;
class GFG{

static final int mod = 1000000007;

// Function to count number of
// elements forming a cycle
static int solve(int A[], int n)
{
    int i, cnt = 0, j;

    // Array to store parent
    // node of traversal.
    int []parent = new int[n];

    // Array to determine
    // whether current node
    // is already counted
    // in the cycle.
    int []vis = new int[n];

    // Initialize the arrays.
    Arrays.fill(parent, -1);
    Arrays.fill(vis, 0);

    for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        j = i;

        // Check if current node is already
        // traversed or not. If node is not
        // traversed yet then parent value
        // will be -1.
        if (parent[j] == -1)
        {

            // Traverse the graph until an
            // already visited node is not
            // found.
            while (parent[j] == -1)
            {
                parent[j] = i;
                j = __gcd(j, A[j]) % n;
            }

            // Check parent value to ensure
            // a cycle is present.
            if (parent[j] == i)
            {

                // Count number of nodes in
                // the cycle.
                while (vis[j] == 0)
                {
                    vis[j] = 1;
                    cnt++;
                    j = __gcd(j, A[j]) % n;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return cnt;
}

static int __gcd(int a, int b)
{
    return b == 0 ? a : __gcd(b, a % b);
}

// Driver code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int A[] = { 1, 1, 6, 2 };
    int n = A.length;

    System.out.print(solve(A, n));
}
}

// This code is contributed by gauravrajput1

Python3

# Python3 program to number of elements
# which form a cycle in an array
import math

mod = 1000000007

# Function to count number of
# elements forming a cycle
def solve(A, n):

    cnt = 0

    # Array to store parent
    # node of traversal.
    parent = [-1] * n

    # Array to determine
    # whether current node
    # is already counted
    # in the cycle.
    vis = [0] * n

    for i in range(n):
        j = i

        # Check if current node is already
        # traversed or not. If node is not
        # traversed yet then parent value
        # will be -1.
        if (parent[j] == -1):

            # Traverse the graph until an
            # already visited node is not
            # found.
            while (parent[j] == -1):
                parent[j] = i
                j = math.gcd(j, A[j]) % n

            # Check parent value to ensure
            # a cycle is present.
            if (parent[j] == i):

                # Count number of nodes in
                # the cycle.
                while (vis[j] == 0):
                    vis[j] = 1
                    cnt += 1
                    j = math.gcd(j, A[j]) % n

    return cnt

# Driver code
A = [ 1, 1, 6, 2 ]
n = len(A)

print(solve(A, n))

# This code is contributed by sanjoy_62

C#

// C# program to number of elements
// which form a cycle in an array
using System;

class GFG{

// Function to count number of
// elements forming a cycle
static int solve(int[] A, int n)
{
    int i, cnt = 0, j;

    // Array to store parent
    // node of traversal.
    int[] parent = new int[n];

    // Array to determine
    // whether current node
    // is already counted
    // in the cycle.
    int[] vis = new int[n];

    // Initialize the arrays.
    Array.Fill(parent, -1);
    Array.Fill(vis, 0);

    for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        j = i;

        // Check if current node is already
        // traversed or not. If node is not
        // traversed yet then parent value
        // will be -1.
        if (parent[j] == -1)
        {

            // Traverse the graph until an
            // already visited node is not
            // found.
            while (parent[j] == -1)
            {
                parent[j] = i;
                j = __gcd(j, A[j]) % n;
            }

            // Check parent value to ensure
            // a cycle is present.
            if (parent[j] == i)
            {

                // Count number of nodes in
                // the cycle.
                while (vis[j] == 0)
                {
                    vis[j] = 1;
                    cnt++;
                    j = __gcd(j, A[j]) % n;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return cnt;
}

static int __gcd(int a, int b)
{
    return b == 0 ? a : __gcd(b, a % b);
}

// Driver code
static void Main()
{
    int[] A = { 1, 1, 6, 2 };
    int n = A.Length;

    Console.WriteLine(solve(A, n));
}
}

// This code is contributed by divyeshrabadiya07

Javascript

<script>

    // JavaScript program to number of elements
    // which form a cycle in an array

    // Function to count number of
    // elements forming a cycle
    function solve(A, n)
    {
        let i, cnt = 0, j;

        // Array to store parent
        // node of traversal.
        let parent = new Array(n);

        // Array to determine
        // whether current node
        // is already counted
        // in the cycle.
        let vis = new Array(n);

        // Initialize the arrays.
        parent.fill(-1);
        vis.fill(0);

        for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            j = i;

            // Check if current node is already
            // traversed or not. If node is not
            // traversed yet then parent value
            // will be -1.
            if (parent[j] == -1)
            {

                // Traverse the graph until an
                // already visited node is not
                // found.
                while (parent[j] == -1)
                {
                    parent[j] = i;
                    j = __gcd(j, A[j]) % n;
                }

                // Check parent value to ensure
                // a cycle is present.
                if (parent[j] == i)
                {

                    // Count number of nodes in
                    // the cycle.
                    while (vis[j] == 0)
                    {
                        vis[j] = 1;
                        cnt++;
                        j = __gcd(j, A[j]) % n;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return cnt;
    }

    function __gcd(a, b)
    {
        return b == 0 ? a : __gcd(b, a % b);
    }

    let A = [ 1, 1, 6, 2 ];
    let n = A.length;

    document.write(solve(A, n));

</script>

Output:

2

Time Complexity: O(N)
Space Complexity: O(N)