Given a set of points in the plane. the convex hull of the set is the smallest convex polygon that contains all the points of it.
We strongly recommend to see the following post first.
How to check if two given line segments intersect?
The idea of Jarvis’s Algorithm is simple, we start from the leftmost point (or point with minimum x coordinate value) and we keep wrapping points in counterclockwise direction. The big question is, given a point p as current point, how to find the next point in output? The idea is to use orientation() here. Next point is selected as the point that beats all other points at counterclockwise orientation, i.e., next point is q if for any other point r, we have “orientation(p, q, r) = counterclockwise”. Following is the detailed algorithm.
1) Initialize p as leftmost point.
2) Do following while we don’t come back to the first (or leftmost) point.
…..a) The next point q is the point such that the triplet (p, q, r) is counterclockwise for any other point r.
…..b) next[p] = q (Store q as next of p in the output convex hull).
…..c) p = q (Set p as q for next iteration).
Below is the implementation of above algorithm.
C++
// A C++ program to find convex hull of a set of points. Refer // for explanation of orientation() #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std;
struct Point
{ int x, y;
}; // To find orientation of ordered triplet (p, q, r). // The function returns following values // 0 --> p, q and r are colinear // 1 --> Clockwise // 2 --> Counterclockwise int orientation(Point p, Point q, Point r)
{ int val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) -
(q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y);
if (val == 0) return 0; // colinear
return (val > 0)? 1: 2; // clock or counterclock wise
} // Prints convex hull of a set of n points. void convexHull(Point points[], int n)
{ // There must be at least 3 points
if (n < 3) return;
// Initialize Result
vector<Point> hull;
// Find the leftmost point
int l = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (points[i].x < points[l].x)
l = i;
// Start from leftmost point, keep moving counterclockwise
// until reach the start point again. This loop runs O(h)
// times where h is number of points in result or output.
int p = l, q;
do
{
// Add current point to result
hull.push_back(points[p]);
// Search for a point 'q' such that orientation(p, x,
// q) is counterclockwise for all points 'x'. The idea
// is to keep track of last visited most counterclock-
// wise point in q. If any point 'i' is more counterclock-
// wise than q, then update q.
q = (p+1)%n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
// If i is more counterclockwise than current q, then
// update q
if (orientation(points[p], points[i], points[q]) == 2)
q = i;
}
// Now q is the most counterclockwise with respect to p
// Set p as q for next iteration, so that q is added to
// result 'hull'
p = q;
} while (p != l); // While we don't come to first point
// Print Result
for (int i = 0; i < hull.size(); i++)
cout << "(" << hull[i].x << ", "
<< hull[i].y << ")\n";
} // Driver program to test above functions int main()
{ Point points[] = {{0, 3}, {2, 2}, {1, 1}, {2, 1},
{3, 0}, {0, 0}, {3, 3}};
int n = sizeof(points)/sizeof(points[0]);
convexHull(points, n);
return 0;
} |
Java
// Java program to find convex hull of a set of points. Refer // for explanation of orientation() import java.util.*;
class Point
{ int x, y;
Point(int x, int y){
this.x=x;
this.y=y;
}
} class GFG {
// To find orientation of ordered triplet (p, q, r).
// The function returns following values
// 0 --> p, q and r are colinear
// 1 --> Clockwise
// 2 --> Counterclockwise
public static int orientation(Point p, Point q, Point r)
{
int val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) -
(q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y);
if (val == 0) return 0; // collinear
return (val > 0)? 1: 2; // clock or counterclock wise
}
// Prints convex hull of a set of n points.
public static void convexHull(Point points[], int n)
{
// There must be at least 3 points
if (n < 3) return;
// Initialize Result
Vector<Point> hull = new Vector<Point>();
// Find the leftmost point
int l = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (points[i].x < points[l].x)
l = i;
// Start from leftmost point, keep moving
// counterclockwise until reach the start point
// again. This loop runs O(h) times where h is
// number of points in result or output.
int p = l, q;
do
{
// Add current point to result
hull.add(points[p]);
// Search for a point 'q' such that
// orientation(p, x, q) is counterclockwise
// for all points 'x'. The idea is to keep
// track of last visited most counterclock-
// wise point in q. If any point 'i' is more
// counterclock-wise than q, then update q.
q = (p + 1) % n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
// If i is more counterclockwise than
// current q, then update q
if (orientation(points[p], points[i], points[q])
== 2)
q = i;
}
// Now q is the most counterclockwise with
// respect to p. Set p as q for next iteration,
// so that q is added to result 'hull'
p = q;
} while (p != l); // While we don't come to first
// point
// Print Result
for (Point temp : hull)
System.out.println("(" + temp.x + ", " +
temp.y + ")");
}
/* Driver program to test above function */
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Point points[] = new Point[7];
points[0]=new Point(0, 3);
points[1]=new Point(2, 3);
points[2]=new Point(1, 1);
points[3]=new Point(2, 1);
points[4]=new Point(3, 0);
points[5]=new Point(0, 0);
points[6]=new Point(3, 3);
int n = points.length;
convexHull(points, n);
}
} // This code is contributed by Arnav Kr. Mandal. |
Python3
# C# program to find convex hull of a set of points. Refer # for explanation of orientation() # point class with x, y as point class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def Left_index(points):
'''
Finding the left most point
'''
minn = 0
for i in range(1,len(points)):
if points[i].x < points[minn].x:
minn = i
elif points[i].x == points[minn].x:
if points[i].y > points[minn].y:
minn = i
return minn
def orientation(p, q, r):
'''
To find orientation of ordered triplet (p, q, r).
The function returns following values
0 --> p, q and r are colinear
1 --> Clockwise
2 --> Counterclockwise
'''
val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) - \
(q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y)
if val == 0:
return 0
elif val > 0:
return 1
else:
return 2
def convexHull(points, n):
# There must be at least 3 points
if n < 3:
return
# Find the leftmost point
l = Left_index(points)
hull = []
'''
Start from leftmost point, keep moving counterclockwise
until reach the start point again. This loop runs O(h)
times where h is number of points in result or output.
'''
p = l
q = 0
while(True):
# Add current point to result
hull.append(p)
'''
Search for a point 'q' such that orientation(p, x,
q) is counterclockwise for all points 'x'. The idea
is to keep track of last visited most counterclock-
wise point in q. If any point 'i' is more counterclock-
wise than q, then update q.
'''
q = (p + 1) % n
for i in range(n):
# If i is more counterclockwise
# than current q, then update q
if(orientation(points[p],
points[i], points[q]) == 2):
q = i
'''
Now q is the most counterclockwise with respect to p
Set p as q for next iteration, so that q is added to
result 'hull'
'''
p = q
# While we don't come to first point
if(p == l):
break
# Print Result
for each in hull:
print(points[each].x, points[each].y)
# Driver Code points = []
points.append(Point(0, 3))
points.append(Point(2, 2))
points.append(Point(1, 1))
points.append(Point(2, 1))
points.append(Point(3, 0))
points.append(Point(0, 0))
points.append(Point(3, 3))
convexHull(points, len(points))
# This code is contributed by # Akarsh Somani, IIIT Kalyani |
C#
// C# program to find convex hull of a set of points. Refer // for explanation of orientation() using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class Point
{ public int x, y;
public Point(int x, int y)
{
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
} public class GFG
{ // To find orientation of ordered triplet (p, q, r).
// The function returns following values
// 0 --> p, q and r are colinear
// 1 --> Clockwise
// 2 --> Counterclockwise
public static int orientation(Point p, Point q, Point r)
{
int val = (q.y - p.y) * (r.x - q.x) -
(q.x - p.x) * (r.y - q.y);
if (val == 0) return 0; // collinear
return (val > 0)? 1: 2; // clock or counterclock wise
}
// Prints convex hull of a set of n points.
public static void convexHull(Point []points, int n)
{
// There must be at least 3 points
if (n < 3) return;
// Initialize Result
List<Point> hull = new List<Point>();
// Find the leftmost point
int l = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (points[i].x < points[l].x)
l = i;
// Start from leftmost point, keep moving
// counterclockwise until reach the start point
// again. This loop runs O(h) times where h is
// number of points in result or output.
int p = l, q;
do
{
// Add current point to result
hull.Add(points[p]);
// Search for a point 'q' such that
// orientation(p, x, q) is counterclockwise
// for all points 'x'. The idea is to keep
// track of last visited most counterclock-
// wise point in q. If any point 'i' is more
// counterclock-wise than q, then update q.
q = (p + 1) % n;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
// If i is more counterclockwise than
// current q, then update q
if (orientation(points[p], points[i], points[q])
== 2)
q = i;
}
// Now q is the most counterclockwise with
// respect to p. Set p as q for next iteration,
// so that q is added to result 'hull'
p = q;
} while (p != l); // While we don't come to first
// point
// Print Result
foreach (Point temp in hull)
Console.WriteLine("(" + temp.x + ", " +
temp.y + ")");
}
/* Driver code */
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
Point []points = new Point[7];
points[0]=new Point(0, 3);
points[1]=new Point(2, 3);
points[2]=new Point(1, 1);
points[3]=new Point(2, 1);
points[4]=new Point(3, 0);
points[5]=new Point(0, 0);
points[6]=new Point(3, 3);
int n = points.Length;
convexHull(points, n);
}
} // This code is contributed by Princi Singh |
Output: The output is points of the convex hull.
(0, 3) (0, 0) (3, 0) (3, 3)
Time Complexity: For every point on the hull we examine all the other points to determine the next point. Time complexity is ?(m * n) where n is number of input points and m is number of output or hull points (m <= n). In worst case, time complexity is O(n 2). The worst case occurs when all the points are on the hull (m = n)
Set 2- Convex Hull (Graham Scan)
Sources:
http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/~jeffe/teaching/373/notes/x05-convexhull.pdf
http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~pat/52233/slides/Hull1x1.pdf
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