Most of the C Programs deals with complex number operations and manipulations by using complex.h header file. This header file was added in C99 Standard.
C++ standard library has a header, which implements complex numbers as a template class, complex<T>, which is different from <complex.h> in C.
Macros associated with <complex.h>
Some of the macros of <complex.h> are shown below. The values in the left side describe the Macros in complex.h and the right side describes the expansion of those macros with the keywords (_Imaginary, _Complex) added in C99 standard.
| Macro Name | Expands To |
|---|
| complex | _Complex |
| imaginary | _Imaginary |
| _Complex_I | (const float _Complex) i |
| _Imaginary_I | (const float _Imaginary) i |
| I | _Imaginary_I(_Complex_I if _Imaginary_I is absent) |
Below program helps to create complex numbers.
Example 1:
#include <complex.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double real = 1.3,
imag = 4.9;
double complex z
= CMPLX(real, imag);
printf(
"z = %.1f% + .1fi\n",
creal(z), cimag(z));
}
|
Explanation:
- cmplx() function creates complex number objects by taking real part and imaginary parts as parameters. This function returns the object of complex numbers.
- creal() function returns the real part of a complex number
- cimag() function returns the imaginary part of a complex number
- If our real and imaginary parts are of type float we use cmplxf() function to generate complex numbers and to get real and imaginary parts we use crealf(), cimagf() functions.
- If our real and imaginary parts are of type long double we use cmplxl() function to generate complex numbers and to get real and imaginary parts we use creall(), cimagl() functions.
Example 2: We can also create complex number objects using macro I.
#include <complex.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double complex
z
= 3.2 + 4.1 * I;
printf(
"z = %.1f% + .1fi\n",
creal(z), cimag(z));
}
|
Functions associated with <complex.h>
The <complex.h> header file also provides some inbuilt functions to work with the complex number. Here the word “arg” stands for complex number object.
| Function | Description |
|---|
float cabsf(float complex arg)
double cabs(double complex arg)
long double cabsl(long double complex arg) | It returns the absolute value of complex argument |
float complex cacosf(float complex arg)
double complex cacos(double complex arg)
long double complex cacosl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex arc cosine values of complex argument |
float complex cacoshf(float complex arg)
double complex cacosh(double complex arg)
long double complex cacoshl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex arc hyperbolic cosine values of complex argument |
float cargf(float complex arg)
double carg(double complex arg)
long double cargl(long double complex arg) | It returns the phase angle of complex argument (in radians). |
float complex casinf(float complex arg)
double complex casin(double complex arg)
long double complex casinl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex arc sine values of complex argument |
float complex casinhf(float complex arg)
double complex casin(double complex arg)
long double complex casinl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex arc hyperbolic sine values of complex argument |
float complex catanf(float complex arg)
double complex catan(double complex arg)
long double complex catanl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex arc tangent values of complex argument |
float complex catanhf(float complex arg)
double complex catan(double complex arg)
long double complex catanl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex arc hyperbolic tangent values of complex argument |
float complex ccosf(float complex arg)
double complex ccos(double complex arg)
long double complex ccosl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex cosine values of complex argument |
float complex cexpf(float complex arg)
double complex cexp(double complex arg)
long double complex cexpl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex value earg where e is the natural logarithm base |
float crealf(float complex arg)
double creal(double complex arg)
long double creall(long double complex arg) | It returns the real part of the complex argument |
float cimagf(float complex arg)
double cimag(double complex arg)
long double cimagl(long double complex arg) | It returns the imaginary part of the complex argument |
float complex clogf(float complex arg)
double complex clog(double complex arg)
long double complex cimagl(long double complex arg) | It returns the imaginary part of the complex argument |
float complex conjf(float complex arg)
double complex conj(double complex arg)
long double complex conjl(long double complex arg) | It returns the conjugate of complex argument |
| float complex cpowf(float complex a, long double complex b) | It returns the complex value of ab |
float complex csqrtf(float complex arg)
double complex csqrt(double complex arg)
long double complex csqrtl(long double complex arg) | It returns the complex square root of argument |
Examples 3: Program to find Conjugate of a complex number.
#include <complex.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double real = 1.3,
imag = 4.9;
double complex z
= CMPLX(real, imag);
double complex
conj_f
= conjf(z);
printf("z = %.1f% + .1fi\n",
creal(conj_f),
cimag(conj_f));
}
|
Examples 4: Program to find the absolute value of a complex number.
#include <complex.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double real = 1.3,
imag = 4.9;
double complex z
= CMPLX(real, imag);
printf("Absolute value = %.1f",
cabsf(z));
}
|
Output:
Absolute value = 5.1
Examples 4: Program to find the phase angle of a complex number.
#include <complex.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double real = 1.3,
imag = 4.9;
double complex z
= CMPLX(real, imag);
printf(
"Phase Angle = %.1f radians\n",
cargf(z));
}
|
Output:
Phase Angle = 1.3 radians