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Comparison between Tarjan’s and Kosaraju’s Algorithm

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Tarjan’s Algorithm: The Tarjan’s Algorithm is an efficient graph algorithm that is used to find the Strongly Connected Component(SCC) in a directed graph by using only one DFS traversal in linear time complexity.

Working:

  • Perform a DFS traversal over the nodes so that the sub-trees of the Strongly Connected Components are removed when they are encountered.
  • Then two values are assigned:
    • The first value is the counter value when the node is explored for the first time.
    • Second value stores the lowest node value reachable from the initial node which is not part of another SCC.
  • When the nodes are explored, they are pushed into a stack.
  • If there are any unexplored children of a node are left, they are explored and the assigned value is respectively updated.

Below is the program to find the SCC of the given graph using Tarjan’s Algorithm:

C++




// C++ program to find the SCC using
// Tarjan's algorithm (single DFS)
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <stack>
#define NIL -1
using namespace std;
 
// A class that represents
// an directed graph
class Graph {
    // No. of vertices
    int V;
 
    // A dynamic array of adjacency lists
    list<int>* adj;
 
    // A Recursive DFS based function
    // used by SCC()
    void SCCUtil(int u, int disc[],
                 int low[], stack<int>* st,
                 bool stackMember[]);
 
public:
    // Member functions
    Graph(int V);
    void addEdge(int v, int w);
    void SCC();
};
 
// Constructor
Graph::Graph(int V)
{
    this->V = V;
    adj = new list<int>[V];
}
 
// Function to add an edge to the graph
void Graph::addEdge(int v, int w)
{
    adj[v].push_back(w);
}
 
// Recursive function to finds the SCC
// using DFS traversal
void Graph::SCCUtil(int u, int disc[],
                    int low[], stack<int>* st,
                    bool stackMember[])
{
    static int time = 0;
 
    // Initialize discovery time
    // and low value
    disc[u] = low[u] = ++time;
    st->push(u);
    stackMember[u] = true;
 
    // Go through all vertices
    // adjacent to this
    list<int>::iterator i;
 
    for (i = adj[u].begin();
         i != adj[u].end(); ++i) {
        // v is current adjacent of 'u'
        int v = *i;
 
        // If v is not visited yet,
        // then recur for it
        if (disc[v] == -1) {
            SCCUtil(v, disc, low,
                    st, stackMember);
 
            // Check if the subtree rooted
            // with 'v' has connection to
            // one of the ancestors of 'u'
            low[u] = min(low[u], low[v]);
        }
 
        // Update low value of 'u' only of
        // 'v' is still in stack
        else if (stackMember[v] == true)
            low[u] = min(low[u], disc[v]);
    }
 
    // head node found, pop the stack
    // and print an SCC
 
    // Store stack extracted vertices
    int w = 0;
 
    // If low[u] and disc[u]
    if (low[u] == disc[u]) {
        // Until stack st is empty
        while (st->top() != u) {
            w = (int)st->top();
 
            // Print the node
            cout << w << " ";
            stackMember[w] = false;
            st->pop();
        }
        w = (int)st->top();
        cout << w << "\n";
        stackMember[w] = false;
        st->pop();
    }
}
 
// Function to find the SCC in the graph
void Graph::SCC()
{
    // Stores the discovery times of
    // the nodes
    int* disc = new int[V];
 
    // Stores the nodes with least
    // discovery time
    int* low = new int[V];
 
    // Checks whether a node is in
    // the stack or not
    bool* stackMember = new bool[V];
 
    // Stores all the connected ancestors
    stack<int>* st = new stack<int>();
 
    // Initialize disc and low,
    // and stackMember arrays
    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
        disc[i] = NIL;
        low[i] = NIL;
        stackMember[i] = false;
    }
 
    // Recursive helper function to
    // find the SCC in DFS tree with
    // vertex 'i'
    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
 
        // If current node is not
        // yet visited
        if (disc[i] == NIL) {
            SCCUtil(i, disc, low,
                    st, stackMember);
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    // Given a graph
    Graph g1(5);
    g1.addEdge(1, 0);
    g1.addEdge(0, 2);
    g1.addEdge(2, 1);
    g1.addEdge(0, 3);
    g1.addEdge(3, 4);
 
    // Function Call to find SCC using
    // Tarjan's Algorithm
    g1.SCC();
 
    return 0;
}


Java




// java program to find the SCC using
// Tarjan's algorithm (single DFS)
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
 
// A class that represents
// an directed graph
class GFG {
    // No. of vertices
    private int V;
    // A Dynamic array of adjacency lists
    private LinkedList<Integer>[] adj;
    private int time;
    // Constructor
    GFG(int V) {
        this.V = V;
        adj = new LinkedList[V];
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
            adj[i] = new LinkedList<>();
        }
    }
    // Function to add an edge to the graph
    void addEdge(int v, int w) {
        adj[v].add(w);
    }
    // Recursive function to find the SCC
    // using DFS traversal
    void SCCUtil(int u, int[] disc, int[] low, Stack<Integer> st, boolean[] stackMember) {
        // Initialize discovery time
        // and low value
        disc[u] = low[u] = ++time;
        st.push(u);
        stackMember[u] = true;
        // Go through all vertices
        // adjacent to this
        for (int v : adj[u]) {
            // If v is not visited yet
            // then recur for it
            if (disc[v] == -1) {
                SCCUtil(v, disc, low, st, stackMember);
                // Check if the subtree rooted
                // with 'v' has a connection to
                // one of the ancestors of 'u'
                low[u] = Math.min(low[u], low[v]);
            }
            // Update low value of 'u' only of
            // 'v' is still in stack
            else if (stackMember[v]) {
                low[u] = Math.min(low[u], disc[v]);
            }
        }
        // Head node found, pop the stack
        // and print an SCC
        if (low[u] == disc[u]) {
            int w;
            // Until stack st is empty
            do {
                w = st.pop();
                // Print the node
                System.out.print(w + " ");
                stackMember[w] = false;
            } while (w != u);
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
    // Function to find the SCC in the graph
    void SCC() {
        // Stores the discovery times of
        // the nodes
        int[] disc = new int[V];
        // Stores the nodes with the
        // least discovery time
        int[] low = new int[V];
        // Checks whether a node is in
        // the stack or not
        boolean[] stackMember = new boolean[V];
        // Stores all the connected ancestors
        Stack<Integer> st = new Stack<>();
        // Initialize disc and low
        // and stackMember arrays
        Arrays.fill(disc, -1);
        Arrays.fill(low, -1);
        Arrays.fill(stackMember, false);
        // Recursive helper function to
        // find the SCC in DFS tree with
        // vertex 'i'
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
            // If the current node is not
            // yet visited
            if (disc[i] == -1) {
                SCCUtil(i, disc, low, st, stackMember);
            }
        }
    }
}
// Driver Code
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Given a graph
        GFG g1 = new GFG(5);
        g1.addEdge(1, 0);
        g1.addEdge(0, 2);
        g1.addEdge(2, 1);
        g1.addEdge(0, 3);
        g1.addEdge(3, 4);
        // Function Call to find SCC using
        // Tarjan's Algorithm
        g1.SCC();
    }
}


Python3




from collections import defaultdict
 
 
class Graph:
    def __init__(self, vertices):
        self.V = vertices
        self.adj = defaultdict(list)
        self.time = 0
 
    def add_edge(self, u, v):
        self.adj[u].append(v)
 
    def SCCUtil(self, u, disc, low, stackMember, st):
        disc[u] = self.time
        low[u] = self.time
        self.time += 1
        stackMember[u] = True
        st.append(u)
 
        for v in self.adj[u]:
            if disc[v] == -1:
                self.SCCUtil(v, disc, low, stackMember, st)
                low[u] = min(low[u], low[v])
            elif stackMember[v]:
                low[u] = min(low[u], disc[v])
 
        w = -1  # To store stack extracted vertices
        if low[u] == disc[u]:
            while w != u:
                w = st.pop()
                print(w, end=' ')
                stackMember[w] = False
            print()
 
    def SCC(self):
        disc = [-1] * self.V
        low = [-1] * self.V
        stackMember = [False] * self.V
        st = []
 
        for i in range(self.V):
            if disc[i] == -1:
                self.SCCUtil(i, disc, low, stackMember, st)
 
 
g = Graph(5)
g.add_edge(1, 0)
g.add_edge(0, 2)
g.add_edge(2, 1)
g.add_edge(0, 3)
g.add_edge(3, 4)
 
g.SCC()


C#




using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
 
class Graph
{
    private int V;
    private List<int>[] adj;
    private int time;
 
    public Graph(int vertices)
    {
        V = vertices;
        adj = new List<int>[V];
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        {
            adj[i] = new List<int>();
        }
        time = 0;
    }
 
    public void AddEdge(int v, int w)
    {
        adj[v].Add(w);
    }
 
    private void SCCUtil(int u, int[] disc, int[] low, Stack<int> st, bool[] stackMember)
    {
        disc[u] = low[u] = ++time;
        st.Push(u);
        stackMember[u] = true;
 
        foreach (int v in adj[u])
        {
            if (disc[v] == -1)
            {
                SCCUtil(v, disc, low, st, stackMember);
                low[u] = Math.Min(low[u], low[v]);
            }
            else if (stackMember[v])
            {
                low[u] = Math.Min(low[u], disc[v]);
            }
        }
 
        if (low[u] == disc[u])
        {
            while (st.Count > 0)
            {
                int w = st.Pop();
                stackMember[w] = false;
                Console.Write(w);
                if (w == u)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine();
                    break;
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.Write(" ");
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    public void SCC()
    {
        int[] disc = new int[V];
        int[] low = new int[V];
        bool[] stackMember = new bool[V];
        Stack<int> st = new Stack<int>();
 
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        {
            disc[i] = -1;
            low[i] = -1;
            stackMember[i] = false;
        }
 
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        {
            if (disc[i] == -1)
            {
                SCCUtil(i, disc, low, st, stackMember);
            }
        }
    }
 
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Graph g1 = new Graph(5);
        g1.AddEdge(1, 0);
        g1.AddEdge(0, 2);
        g1.AddEdge(2, 1);
        g1.AddEdge(0, 3);
        g1.AddEdge(3, 4);
        g1.SCC();
    }
}


Javascript




// javascript program to find the SCC using
// Tarjan's algorithm (single DFS)
let NIL = -1
let time = 0;
 
// A class that represents
// an directed graph
class Graph {
     
    constructor(V){
         
        // Number of vertices
        this.V = V;
         
        // Number of neighbours
        this.adj = new Array(V);
        for(let i = 0; i < V; i++){
            this.adj[i] = new Array();
        }
    }
     
     
    // Function to add an edge to the graph
    addEdge(v, w)
    {
        this.adj[v].push(w);
    }
 
    // Recursive function to finds the SCC
    // using DFS traversal
    SCCUtil(u, disc, low, st, stackMember)
    {
         
 
        // Initialize discovery time
        // and low value
        disc[u] = low[u] = ++time;
        st.push(u);
        stackMember[u] = true;
 
        // Go through all vertices
        // adjacent to this
 
        for (let i = 0; i < this.adj[u].length; i++){
            // v is current adjacent of 'u'
            let v = this.adj[u][i];
 
            // If v is not visited yet,
            // then recur for it
            if (disc[v] == -1) {
                this.SCCUtil(v, disc, low, st, stackMember);
 
                // Check if the subtree rooted
                // with 'v' has connection to
                // one of the ancestors of 'u'
                low[u] = Math.min(low[u], low[v]);
            }
 
            // Update low value of 'u' only of
            // 'v' is still in stack
            else if (stackMember[v] == true)
                low[u] = Math.min(low[u], disc[v]);
        }
 
        // head node found, pop the stack
        // and print an SCC
 
        // Store stack extracted vertices
        let w = 0;
 
        // If low[u] and disc[u]
        if (low[u] == disc[u]) {
            // Until stack st is empty
            while (st[st.length-1] != u) {
                w = st[st.length-1];
 
                // Print the node
                process.stdout.write(w + " ");
                stackMember[w] = false;
                st.pop();
            }
            w = st[st.length-1];
            process.stdout.write(w + "\n");
            stackMember[w] = false;
            st.pop();
        }
    }
     
 
    // Function to find the SCC in the graph
    SCC()
    {
        // Stores the discovery times of
        // the nodes
        let disc = new Array(this.V);
 
        // Stores the nodes with least
        // discovery time
        let low = new Array(this.V);
     
 
        // Checks whether a node is in
        // the stack or not
        let stackMember = new Array(this.V);
 
        // Stores all the connected ancestors
        let st = [];
 
        // Initialize disc and low,
        // and stackMember arrays
        for (let i = 0; i < this.V; i++) {
            disc[i] = NIL;
            low[i] = NIL;
            stackMember[i] = false;
        }
 
        // Recursive helper function to
        // find the SCC in DFS tree with
        // vertex 'i'
        for (let i = 0; i < this.V; i++) {
 
            // If current node is not
            // yet visited
            if (disc[i] == NIL) {
                this.SCCUtil(i, disc, low, st, stackMember);
            }
        }
    }
 
};
 
 
// Driver Code
 
// Given a graph
let g1 = new Graph(5);
g1.addEdge(1, 0);
g1.addEdge(0, 2);
g1.addEdge(2, 1);
g1.addEdge(0, 3);
g1.addEdge(3, 4);
 
// Function Call to find SCC using
// Tarjan's Algorithm
g1.SCC();
 
// The code is contributed by Nidhi goel.


Output

4
3
1 2 0






Kosaraju’s Algorithm: The Kosaraju’s Algorithm is also a Depth First Search based algorithm which is used to find the SCC in a directed graph in linear time complexity. The basic concept of this algorithm is that if we are able to arrive at vertex v initially starting from vertex u, then we should be able to arrive at vertex u starting from vertex v, and if this is the situation, we can say and conclude that vertices u and v are strongly connected, and they are in the strongly connected sub-graph.

Working:

  • Perform a DFS traversal on the given graph, keeping track of the finish times of each node. This process can be performed by using a stack.
  • When the procedure of running the DFS traversal over the graph finishes, put the source vertex on the stack. In this way, the node with the highest finishing time will be at the top of the stack.
  • Reverse the original graph by using an Adjacency List.
  • Then perform another DFS traversal on the reversed graph with the source vertex as the vertex on the top of the stack. When the DFS running on the reversed graph finishes, all the nodes that are visited will form one strongly connected component.
  • If any more nodes are left or remain unvisited, this signifies the presence of more than one strongly connected component on the graph.
  • So pop the vertices from the top of the stack until a valid unvisited node is found. This will have the highest finishing time of all currently unvisited nodes.

Below is the program to find the SCC of the given graph using Kosaraju’s Algorithm:

C++




// C++ program to print the SCC of the
// graph using Kosaraju's Algorithm
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;
 
class Graph {
    // No. of vertices
    int V;
 
    // An array of adjacency lists
    list<int>* adj;
 
    // Member Functions
    void fillOrder(int v, bool visited[],
                   stack<int>& Stack);
    void DFSUtil(int v, bool visited[]);
 
public:
    Graph(int V);
    void addEdge(int v, int w);
    void printSCCs();
    Graph getTranspose();
};
 
// Constructor of class
Graph::Graph(int V)
{
    this->V = V;
    adj = new list<int>[V];
}
 
// Recursive function to print DFS
// starting from v
void Graph::DFSUtil(int v, bool visited[])
{
    // Mark the current node as
    // visited and print it
    visited[v] = true;
    cout << v << " ";
 
    // Recur for all the vertices
    // adjacent to this vertex
    list<int>::iterator i;
 
    // Traverse Adjacency List of node v
    for (i = adj[v].begin();
         i != adj[v].end(); ++i) {
 
        // If child node *i is unvisited
        if (!visited[*i])
            DFSUtil(*i, visited);
    }
}
 
// Function to get the transpose of
// the given graph
Graph Graph::getTranspose()
{
    Graph g(V);
    for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
        // Recur for all the vertices
        // adjacent to this vertex
        list<int>::iterator i;
        for (i = adj[v].begin();
             i != adj[v].end(); ++i) {
            // Add to adjacency list
            g.adj[*i].push_back(v);
        }
    }
 
    // Return the reversed graph
    return g;
}
 
// Function to add an Edge to the given
// graph
void Graph::addEdge(int v, int w)
{
    // Add w to v’s list
    adj[v].push_back(w);
}
 
// Function that fills stack with vertices
// in increasing order of finishing times
void Graph::fillOrder(int v, bool visited[],
                      stack<int>& Stack)
{
    // Mark the current node as
    // visited and print it
    visited[v] = true;
 
    // Recur for all the vertices
    // adjacent to this vertex
    list<int>::iterator i;
 
    for (i = adj[v].begin();
         i != adj[v].end(); ++i) {
 
        // If child node *i is unvisited
        if (!visited[*i]) {
            fillOrder(*i, visited, Stack);
        }
    }
 
    // All vertices reachable from v
    // are processed by now, push v
    Stack.push(v);
}
 
// Function that finds and prints all
// strongly connected components
void Graph::printSCCs()
{
    stack<int> Stack;
 
    // Mark all the vertices as
    // not visited (For first DFS)
    bool* visited = new bool[V];
    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        visited[i] = false;
 
    // Fill vertices in stack according
    // to their finishing times
    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        if (visited[i] == false)
            fillOrder(i, visited, Stack);
 
    // Create a reversed graph
    Graph gr = getTranspose();
 
    // Mark all the vertices as not
    // visited (For second DFS)
    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        visited[i] = false;
 
    // Now process all vertices in
    // order defined by Stack
    while (Stack.empty() == false) {
 
        // Pop a vertex from stack
        int v = Stack.top();
        Stack.pop();
 
        // Print SCC of the popped vertex
        if (visited[v] == false) {
            gr.DFSUtil(v, visited);
            cout << endl;
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    // Given Graph
    Graph g(5);
    g.addEdge(1, 0);
    g.addEdge(0, 2);
    g.addEdge(2, 1);
    g.addEdge(0, 3);
    g.addEdge(3, 4);
 
    // Function Call to find the SCC
    // using Kosaraju's Algorithm
    g.printSCCs();
 
    return 0;
}


Java




//Code in Java for the above approach
import java.util.*;
 
class Graph {
    private int V; // Number of vertices in the graph
    private LinkedList<Integer>[] adj; // Array of adjacency lists
 
    Graph(int V) {
        this.V = V;
        adj = new LinkedList[V]; // Initialize adjacency lists for each vertex
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
            adj[i] = new LinkedList<>(); // Create a new linked list for each vertex
        }
    }
 
    // Function to add an edge from vertex v to vertex w
    void addEdge(int v, int w) {
        adj[v].add(w); // Add w to the adjacency list of v
    }
 
    // Recursive utility function for Depth First Search (DFS)
    void DFSUtil(int v, boolean[] visited) {
        visited[v] = true; // Mark the current vertex as visited
        System.out.print(v + " "); // Print the current vertex
 
        // Iterate through adjacent vertices and perform DFS if not visited
        for (Integer i : adj[v]) {
            if (!visited[i]) {
                DFSUtil(i, visited);
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Function to get the transpose (reverse) of the current graph
    Graph getTranspose() {
        Graph g = new Graph(V); // Create a new graph with the same number of vertices
        for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
            // Traverse the adjacency list of each vertex and add reverse edges
            for (Integer i : adj[v]) {
                g.adj[i].add(v); // Add edge from i to v in the new graph
            }
        }
        return g; // Return the reversed graph
    }
 
    // Function to fill the stack with vertices in order of finishing times
    void fillOrder(int v, boolean[] visited, Stack<Integer> stack) {
        visited[v] = true; // Mark the current vertex as visited
 
        // Iterate through adjacent vertices and perform DFS if not visited
        for (Integer i : adj[v]) {
            if (!visited[i]) {
                fillOrder(i, visited, stack);
            }
        }
 
        stack.push(v); // Push the vertex onto the stack after its DFS is complete
    }
 
    // Function to print strongly connected components using Kosaraju's Algorithm
    void printSCCs() {
        Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>(); // Stack to store vertices in order of finishing times
        boolean[] visited = new boolean[V]; // Array to track visited vertices
 
        // Fill the stack with vertices in order of finishing times
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) {
            if (!visited[i]) {
                fillOrder(i, visited, stack);
            }
        }
 
        Graph gr = getTranspose(); // Get the transpose (reverse) graph
 
        Arrays.fill(visited, false); // Reset the visited array for the reversed graph
 
        // Process vertices in the stack and print the strongly connected components
        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            int v = stack.pop(); // Pop a vertex from the stack
 
            if (!visited[v]) {
                gr.DFSUtil(v, visited); // Perform DFS on the reversed graph
                System.out.println(); // Print a new line after each component
            }
        }
    }
}
 
class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Graph g = new Graph(5); // Create a graph with 5 vertices
        g.addEdge(1, 0);
        g.addEdge(0, 2);
        g.addEdge(2, 1);
        g.addEdge(0, 3);
        g.addEdge(3, 4);
 
        g.printSCCs(); // Print strongly connected components
    }
}


Python3




# Python program to print the SCC of the
# graph using Kosaraju's Algorithm
 
# Class to represent a graph
class Graph:
    def __init__(self,vertices):
        self.V = vertices # No. of vertices
        self.adj = [[] for i in range(vertices)] # adjacency list
 
    # Function to add an edge to graph
    def addEdge(self,u,v):
        self.adj[u].append(v)
 
    # A function used by DFS
    def DFSUtil(self,v,visited):
        # Mark the current node as visited
        # and print it
        visited[v] = True
        print(v, end = ' ')
 
        # Recur for all the vertices adjacent
        # to this vertex
        for i in self.adj[v]:
            if visited[i] == False:
                self.DFSUtil(i,visited)
 
    # Function to get transpose of graph
    def getTranspose(self):
        g = Graph(self.V)
 
        # Recur for all the vertices adjacent
        # to this vertex
        for v in range(self.V):
            for i in self.adj[v]:
                g.adj[i].append(v)
 
        return g
 
    # Function to fill vertices in stack
    # in increasing order of finishing
    # times
    def fillOrder(self,v,visited,stack):
        # Mark the current node as visited
        visited[v] = True
 
        # Recur for all the vertices adjacent
        # to this vertex
        for i in self.adj[v]:
            if visited[i] == False:
                self.fillOrder(i,visited,stack)
 
        stack.append(v)
 
    # Function to print all SCCs
    def printSCCs(self):
        # Create a stack to store vertices
        stack = []
 
        # Mark all the vertices as not visited
        # (For first DFS)
        visited = [False]*(self.V)
 
        # Fill vertices in stack according to
        # their finishing times
        for i in range(self.V):
            if visited[i] == False:
                self.fillOrder(i,visited,stack)
 
        # Create a reversed graph
        gr = self.getTranspose()
 
        # Mark all the vertices as not visited
        # (For second DFS)
        visited = [False]*(self.V)
 
        # Now process all vertices in order
        # defined by Stack
        while stack:
            i = stack.pop()
            if visited[i] == False:
                gr.DFSUtil(i,visited)
                print()
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Given graph
    g = Graph(5)
    g.addEdge(1, 0)
    g.addEdge(0, 2)
    g.addEdge(2, 1)
    g.addEdge(0, 3)
    g.addEdge(3, 4)
 
    # Function Call to find the SCC
    # using Kosaraju's Algorithm
    g.printSCCs()


C#




using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
 
class Graph
{
    private int V; // Number of vertices in the graph
    private List<int>[] adj; // Array of adjacency lists
 
    public Graph(int V)
    {
        this.V = V;
        adj = new List<int>[V]; // Initialize adjacency lists for each vertex
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        {
            adj[i] = new List<int>(); // Create a new list for each vertex
        }
    }
 
    // Function to add an edge from vertex v to vertex w
    public void AddEdge(int v, int w)
    {
        adj[v].Add(w); // Add w to the adjacency list of v
    }
 
    // Recursive utility function for Depth First Search (DFS)
    private void DFSUtil(int v, bool[] visited)
    {
        visited[v] = true; // Mark the current vertex as visited
        Console.Write(v + " "); // Print the current vertex
 
        // Iterate through adjacent vertices and perform DFS if not visited
        foreach (int i in adj[v])
        {
            if (!visited[i])
            {
                DFSUtil(i, visited);
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Function to get the transpose (reverse) of the current graph
    public Graph GetTranspose()
    {
        Graph g = new Graph(V); // Create a new graph with the same number of vertices
        for (int v = 0; v < V; v++)
        {
            // Traverse the adjacency list of each vertex and add reverse edges
            foreach (int i in adj[v])
            {
                g.adj[i].Add(v); // Add edge from i to v in the new graph
            }
        }
        return g; // Return the reversed graph
    }
 
    // Function to fill the stack with vertices in order of finishing times
    private void FillOrder(int v, bool[] visited, Stack<int> stack)
    {
        visited[v] = true; // Mark the current vertex as visited
 
        // Iterate through adjacent vertices and perform DFS if not visited
        foreach (int i in adj[v])
        {
            if (!visited[i])
            {
                FillOrder(i, visited, stack);
            }
        }
 
        stack.Push(v); // Push the vertex onto the stack after its DFS is complete
    }
 
    // Function to print strongly connected components using Kosaraju's Algorithm
    public void PrintSCCs()
    {
        Stack<int> stack = new Stack<int>(); // Stack to store vertices in order of finishing times
        bool[] visited = new bool[V]; // Array to track visited vertices
 
        // Fill the stack with vertices in order of finishing times
        for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
        {
            if (!visited[i])
            {
                FillOrder(i, visited, stack);
            }
        }
 
        Graph gr = GetTranspose(); // Get the transpose (reverse) graph
 
        Array.Fill(visited, false); // Reset the visited array for the reversed graph
 
        // Process vertices in the stack and print the strongly connected components
        while (stack.Count > 0)
        {
            int v = stack.Pop(); // Pop a vertex from the stack
 
            if (!visited[v])
            {
                gr.DFSUtil(v, visited); // Perform DFS on the reversed graph
                Console.WriteLine(); // Print a new line after each component
            }
        }
    }
}
 
class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Graph g = new Graph(5); // Create a graph with 5 vertices
        g.AddEdge(1, 0);
        g.AddEdge(0, 2);
        g.AddEdge(2, 1);
        g.AddEdge(0, 3);
        g.AddEdge(3, 4);
 
        g.PrintSCCs(); // Print strongly connected components
    }
}


Javascript




// Javascript code for the above approach
// Class to represent a graph
class Graph {
  constructor(vertices) {
    this.V = vertices; // No. of vertices
    this.adj = new Array(vertices)
      .fill()
      .map(() => []); // adjacency list
  }
 
  // Function to add an edge to graph
  addEdge(u, v) {
    this.adj[u].push(v);
  }
 
  // A function used by DFS
  DFSUtil(v, visited) {
    // Mark the current node as visited
    // and print it
    visited[v] = true;
    console.log(v);
 
    // Recur for all the vertices adjacent
    // to this vertex
    for (let i of this.adj[v]) {
      if (!visited[i]) {
        this.DFSUtil(i, visited);
      }
    }
  }
 
  // Function to get transpose of graph
  getTranspose() {
    const g = new Graph(this.V);
 
    // Recur for all the vertices adjacent
    // to this vertex
    for (let v = 0; v < this.V; v++) {
      for (let i of this.adj[v]) {
        g.adj[i].push(v);
      }
    }
 
    return g;
  }
 
  // Function to fill vertices in stack
  // in increasing order of finishing
  // times
  fillOrder(v, visited, stack) {
    // Mark the current node as visited
    visited[v] = true;
 
    // Recur for all the vertices adjacent
    // to this vertex
    for (let i of this.adj[v]) {
      if (!visited[i]) {
        this.fillOrder(i, visited, stack);
      }
    }
 
    stack.push(v);
  }
 
  // Function to print all SCCs
  printSCCs() {
    // Create a stack to store vertices
    const stack = [];
 
    // Mark all the vertices as not visited
    // (For first DFS)
    const visited = new Array(this.V).fill(false);
 
    // Fill vertices in stack according to
    // their finishing times
    for (let i = 0; i < this.V; i++) {
      if (!visited[i]) {
        this.fillOrder(i, visited, stack);
      }
    }
 
    // Create a reversed graph
    const gr = this.getTranspose();
 
    // Mark all the vertices as not visited
    // (For second DFS)
    visited.fill(false);
 
    // Now process all vertices in order
    // defined by Stack
    while (stack.length > 0) {
      const i = stack.pop();
      if (!visited[i]) {
        gr.DFSUtil(i, visited);
        console.log('');
      }
    }
  }
}
 
// Driver Code
// Given graph
const g = new Graph(5);
g.addEdge(1, 0);
g.addEdge(0, 2);
g.addEdge(2, 1);
g.addEdge(0, 3);
g.addEdge(3, 4);
 
// Function Call to find the SCC
// using Kosaraju's Algorithm
g.printSCCs();
 
 
// This code is contributed by sdeadityasharma


Output

0 1 2 
3 
4






Time Complexity:
The time complexity of Tarjan’s Algorithm and Kosaraju’s Algorithm will be O(V + E), where V represents the set of vertices and E represents the set of edges of the graph. Tarjan’s algorithm has much lower constant factors w.r.t Kosaraju’s algorithm. In Kosaraju’s algorithm, the traversal of the graph is done at least 2 times, so the constant factor can be of double time. We can print the SCC in progress with Kosaraju’s algorithm as we perform the second DFS. While performing Tarjan’s Algorithm, it requires extra time to print the SCC after finding the head of the SCCs sub-tree.

Summary:
Both the methods have the same linear time complexity, but the techniques or the procedure for the SCC computations are fairly different. Tarjan’s method solely depends on the record of nodes in a DFS to partition the graph whereas Kosaraju’s method performs the two DFS (or 3 DFS if we want to leave the original graph unchanged) on the graph and is quite similar to the method for finding the topological sorting of a graph.



Last Updated : 09 Nov, 2023
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