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Closest Pair of Points using Divide and Conquer algorithm

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We are given an array of n points in the plane, and the problem is to find out the closest pair of points in the array. This problem arises in a number of applications. For example, in air-traffic control, you may want to monitor planes that come too close together, since this may indicate a possible collision. Recall the following formula for distance between two points p and q.
\left \|pq \right \| = \sqrt{(p_{x}-q_{x})^{2}+ (p_{y}-q_{y})^{2}}
The Brute force solution is O(n^2), compute the distance between each pair and return the smallest. We can calculate the smallest distance in O(nLogn) time using Divide and Conquer strategy. In this post, a O(n x (Logn)^2) approach is discussed. We will be discussing a O(nLogn) approach in a separate post.

Algorithm 
Following are the detailed steps of a O(n (Logn)^2) algorithm. 
Input: An array of n points P[] 
Output: The smallest distance between two points in the given array.
As a pre-processing step, the input array is sorted according to x coordinates.
1) Find the middle point in the sorted array, we can take P[n/2] as middle point. 
2) Divide the given array in two halves. The first subarray contains points from P[0] to P[n/2]. The second subarray contains points from P[n/2+1] to P[n-1].
3) Recursively find the smallest distances in both subarrays. Let the distances be dl and dr. Find the minimum of dl and dr. Let the minimum be d.
 

4) From the above 3 steps, we have an upper bound d of minimum distance. Now we need to consider the pairs such that one point in pair is from the left half and the other is from the right half. Consider the vertical line passing through P[n/2] and find all points whose x coordinate is closer than d to the middle vertical line. Build an array strip[] of all such points. 

5) Sort the array strip[] according to y coordinates. This step is O(nLogn). It can be optimized to O(n) by recursively sorting and merging. 
6) Find the smallest distance in strip[]. This is tricky. From the first look, it seems to be a O(n^2) step, but it is actually O(n). It can be proved geometrically that for every point in the strip, we only need to check at most 7 points after it (note that strip is sorted according to Y coordinate). See this for more analysis.
7) Finally return the minimum of d and distance calculated in the above step (step 6)

Implementation 
Following is the implementation of the above algorithm.  

C++14

// A divide and conquer program in C++
// to find the smallest distance from a
// given set of points.
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// A structure to represent a Point in 2D plane
class Point
{
    public:
    int x, y;
};
 
/* Following two functions are needed for library function qsort().
 
// Needed to sort array of points
// according to X coordinate
int compareX(const void* a, const void* b)
{
    Point *p1 = (Point *)a, *p2 = (Point *)b;
    return (p1->x - p2->x);
}
 
// Needed to sort array of points according to Y coordinate
int compareY(const void* a, const void* b)
{
    Point *p1 = (Point *)a, *p2 = (Point *)b;
    return (p1->y - p2->y);
}
 
// A utility function to find the
// distance between two points
float dist(Point p1, Point p2)
{
    return sqrt( (p1.x - p2.x)*(p1.x - p2.x) +
                (p1.y - p2.y)*(p1.y - p2.y)
            );
}
 
// A Brute Force method to return the
// smallest distance between two points
// in P[] of size n
float bruteForce(Point P[], int n)
{
    float min = FLT_MAX;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        for (int j = i+1; j < n; ++j)
            if (dist(P[i], P[j]) < min)
                min = dist(P[i], P[j]);
    return min;
}
 
// A utility function to find
// minimum of two float values
float min(float x, float y)
{
    return (x < y)? x : y;
}
 
 
// A utility function to find the
// distance between the closest points of
// strip of given size. All points in
// strip[] are sorted according to
// y coordinate. They all have an upper
// bound on minimum distance as d.
// Note that this method seems to be
// a O(n^2) method, but it's a O(n)
// method as the inner loop runs at most 6 times
float stripClosest(Point strip[], int size, float d)
{
    float min = d; // Initialize the minimum distance as d
 
    qsort(strip, size, sizeof(Point), compareY);
 
    // Pick all points one by one and try the next points till the difference
    // between y coordinates is smaller than d.
    // This is a proven fact that this loop runs at most 6 times
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
        for (int j = i+1; j < size && (strip[j].y - strip[i].y) < min; ++j)
            if (dist(strip[i],strip[j]) < min)
                min = dist(strip[i], strip[j]);
 
    return min;
}
 
// A recursive function to find the
// smallest distance. The array P contains
// all points sorted according to x coordinate
float closestUtil(Point P[], int n)
{
    // If there are 2 or 3 points, then use brute force
    if (n <= 3)
        return bruteForce(P, n);
 
    // Find the middle point
    int mid = n/2;
    Point midPoint = P[mid];
 
    // Consider the vertical line passing
    // through the middle point calculate
    // the smallest distance dl on left
    // of middle point and dr on right side
    float dl = closestUtil(P, mid);
    float dr = closestUtil(P + mid, n - mid);
 
    // Find the smaller of two distances
    float d = min(dl, dr);
 
    // Build an array strip[] that contains
    // points close (closer than d)
    // to the line passing through the middle point
    Point strip[n];
    int j = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        if (abs(P[i].x - midPoint.x) < d)
            strip[j] = P[i], j++;
 
    // Find the closest points in strip.
    // Return the minimum of d and closest
    // distance is strip[]
    return min(d, stripClosest(strip, j, d) );
}
 
// The main function that finds the smallest distance
// This method mainly uses closestUtil()
float closest(Point P[], int n)
{
    qsort(P, n, sizeof(Point), compareX);
 
    // Use recursive function closestUtil()
    // to find the smallest distance
    return closestUtil(P, n);
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    Point P[] = {{2, 3}, {12, 30}, {40, 50}, {5, 1}, {12, 10}, {3, 4}};
    int n = sizeof(P) / sizeof(P[0]);
    cout << "The smallest distance is " << closest(P, n);
    return 0;
}
 
// This code is contributed by rathbhupendra

                    

C

// A divide and conquer program in C/C++ to find the smallest distance from a
// given set of points.
 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
 
// A structure to represent a Point in 2D plane
struct Point
{
    int x, y;
};
 
/* Following two functions are needed for library function qsort().
 
// Needed to sort array of points according to X coordinate
int compareX(const void* a, const void* b)
{
    Point *p1 = (Point *)a,  *p2 = (Point *)b;
    return (p1->x - p2->x);
}
// Needed to sort array of points according to Y coordinate
int compareY(const void* a, const void* b)
{
    Point *p1 = (Point *)a,   *p2 = (Point *)b;
    return (p1->y - p2->y);
}
 
// A utility function to find the distance between two points
float dist(Point p1, Point p2)
{
    return sqrt( (p1.x - p2.x)*(p1.x - p2.x) +
                 (p1.y - p2.y)*(p1.y - p2.y)
               );
}
 
// A Brute Force method to return the smallest distance between two points
// in P[] of size n
float bruteForce(Point P[], int n)
{
    float min = FLT_MAX;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        for (int j = i+1; j < n; ++j)
            if (dist(P[i], P[j]) < min)
                min = dist(P[i], P[j]);
    return min;
}
 
// A utility function to find a minimum of two float values
float min(float x, float y)
{
    return (x < y)? x : y;
}
 
 
// A utility function to find the distance between the closest points of
// strip of a given size. All points in strip[] are sorted according to
// y coordinate. They all have an upper bound on minimum distance as d.
// Note that this method seems to be a O(n^2) method, but it's a O(n)
// method as the inner loop runs at most 6 times
float stripClosest(Point strip[], int size, float d)
{
    float min = d;  // Initialize the minimum distance as d
 
    qsort(strip, size, sizeof(Point), compareY);
 
    // Pick all points one by one and try the next points till the difference
    // between y coordinates is smaller than d.
    // This is a proven fact that this loop runs at most 6 times
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
        for (int j = i+1; j < size && (strip[j].y - strip[i].y) < min; ++j)
            if (dist(strip[i],strip[j]) < min)
                min = dist(strip[i], strip[j]);
 
    return min;
}
 
// A recursive function to find the smallest distance. The array P contains
// all points sorted according to x coordinate
float closestUtil(Point P[], int n)
{
    // If there are 2 or 3 points, then use brute force
    if (n <= 3)
        return bruteForce(P, n);
 
    // Find the middle point
    int mid = n/2;
    Point midPoint = P[mid];
 
    // Consider the vertical line passing through the middle point
    // calculate the smallest distance dl on left of middle point and
    // dr on right side
    float dl = closestUtil(P, mid);
    float dr = closestUtil(P + mid, n-mid);
 
    // Find the smaller of two distances
    float d = min(dl, dr);
 
    // Build an array strip[] that contains points close (closer than d)
    // to the line passing through the middle point
    Point strip[n];
    int j = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        if (abs(P[i].x - midPoint.x) < d)
            strip[j] = P[i], j++;
 
    // Find the closest points in strip.  Return the minimum of d and closest
    // distance is strip[]
    return min(d, stripClosest(strip, j, d) );
}
 
// The main function that finds the smallest distance
// This method mainly uses closestUtil()
float closest(Point P[], int n)
{
    qsort(P, n, sizeof(Point), compareX);
 
    // Use recursive function closestUtil() to find the smallest distance
    return closestUtil(P, n);
}
 
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
    Point P[] = {{2, 3}, {12, 30}, {40, 50}, {5, 1}, {12, 10}, {3, 4}};
    int n = sizeof(P) / sizeof(P[0]);
    printf("The smallest distance is %f ", closest(P, n));
    return 0;
}

                    

Java

import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;
 
// A divide and conquer program in Java
// to find the smallest distance from a
// given set of points.
 
// A structure to represent a Point in 2D plane
class Point {
  public int x;
  public int y;
 
  Point(int x, int y) {
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
 
  // A utility function to find the
  // distance between two points
  public static float dist(Point p1, Point p2) {
    return (float) Math.sqrt((p1.x - p2.x) * (p1.x - p2.x) +
                             (p1.y - p2.y) * (p1.y - p2.y)
                            );
  }
 
  // A Brute Force method to return the
  // smallest distance between two points
  // in P[] of size n
  public static float bruteForce(Point[] P, int n) {
    float min = Float.MAX_VALUE;
    float currMin = 0;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
      for (int j = i + 1; j < n; ++j) {
        currMin = dist(P[i], P[j]);
        if (currMin < min) {
          min = currMin;
        }
      }
    }
    return min;
  }
 
  // A utility function to find the
  // distance between the closest points of
  // strip of given size. All points in
  // strip[] are sorted according to
  // y coordinate. They all have an upper
  // bound on minimum distance as d.
  // Note that this method seems to be
  // a O(n^2) method, but it's a O(n)
  // method as the inner loop runs at most 6 times
  public static float stripClosest(Point[] strip, int size, float d) {
    float min = d; // Initialize the minimum distance as d
 
    Arrays.sort(strip, 0, size, new PointYComparator());
 
    // Pick all points one by one and try the next points till the difference
    // between y coordinates is smaller than d.
    // This is a proven fact that this loop runs at most 6 times
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
      for (int j = i + 1; j < size && (strip[j].y - strip[i].y) < min; ++j) {
        if (dist(strip[i], strip[j]) < min) {
          min = dist(strip[i], strip[j]);
        }
      }
    }
 
    return min;
  }
 
  // A recursive function to find the
  // smallest distance. The array P contains
  // all points sorted according to x coordinate
  public static float closestUtil(Point[] P,
                                  int startIndex,
                                  int endIndex)
  {
     
    // If there are 2 or 3 points, then use brute force
    if ((endIndex - startIndex) <= 3) {
      return bruteForce(P, endIndex);
    }
 
    // Find the middle point
    int mid = startIndex + (endIndex - startIndex) / 2;
    Point midPoint = P[mid];
 
    // Consider the vertical line passing
    // through the middle point calculate
    // the smallest distance dl on left
    // of middle point and dr on right side
    float dl = closestUtil(P, startIndex, mid);
    float dr = closestUtil(P, mid, endIndex);
 
    // Find the smaller of two distances
    float d = Math.min(dl, dr);
 
    // Build an array strip[] that contains
    // points close (closer than d)
    // to the line passing through the middle point
    Point[] strip = new Point[endIndex];
    int j = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < endIndex; i++) {
      if (Math.abs(P[i].x - midPoint.x) < d) {
        strip[j] = P[i];
        j++;
      }
    }
 
    // Find the closest points in strip.
    // Return the minimum of d and closest
    // distance is strip[]
    return Math.min(d, stripClosest(strip, j, d));
  }
 
  // The main function that finds the smallest distance
  // This method mainly uses closestUtil()
  public static float closest(Point[] P, int n) {
    Arrays.sort(P, 0, n, new PointXComparator());
 
    // Use recursive function closestUtil()
    // to find the smallest distance
    return closestUtil(P, 0, n);
  }
 
}
 
// A structure to represent a Point in 2D plane
class PointXComparator implements Comparator<Point> {
 
  // Needed to sort array of points
  // according to X coordinate
  @Override
  public int compare(Point pointA, Point pointB) {
    return Integer.compare(pointA.x, pointB.x);
  }
 
}
 
class PointYComparator implements Comparator<Point> {
 
  // Needed to sort array of points
  // according to Y coordinate
  @Override
  public int compare(Point pointA, Point pointB) {
    return Integer.compare(pointA.y, pointB.y);
  }
 
}
 
public class ClosestPoint {
 
  // Driver code
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Point[] P = new Point[]{
      new Point(2, 3),
      new Point(12, 30),
      new Point(40, 50),
      new Point(5, 1),
      new Point(12, 10),
      new Point(3, 4)
 
      };
 
    DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#.######");
    System.out.println("The smallest distance is " +
                       df.format(Point.closest(P, P.length)));
  }
 
}
 
// This code is contributed by sanjay sharma 1

                    

Python3

import math
 
 
class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
 
 
def compareX(a, b):
    p1 = a
    p2 = b
    return (p1.x - p2.x)
 
 
def compareY(a, b):
    p1 = a
    p2 = b
    return (p1.y - p2.y)
 
 
def dist(p1, p2):
    return math.sqrt((p1.x - p2.x)*(p1.x - p2.x) + (p1.y - p2.y)*(p1.y - p2.y))
 
 
def bruteForce(P, n):
    min_dist = float("inf")
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(i+1, n):
            if dist(P[i], P[j]) < min_dist:
                min_dist = dist(P[i], P[j])
    return min_dist
 
 
def min(x, y):
    return x if x < y else y
 
 
def stripClosest(strip, size, d):
    min_dist = d
    strip = sorted(strip, key=lambda point: point.y)
 
    for i in range(size):
        for j in range(i+1, size):
            if (strip[j].y - strip[i].y) >= min_dist:
                break
            if dist(strip[i], strip[j]) < min_dist:
                min_dist = dist(strip[i], strip[j])
    return min_dist
 
 
def closestUtil(P, n):
    if n <= 3:
        return bruteForce(P, n)
    mid = n//2
    midPoint = P[mid]
    dl = closestUtil(P, mid)
    dr = closestUtil(P[mid:], n - mid)
    d = min(dl, dr)
    strip = []
    for i in range(n):
        if abs(P[i].x - midPoint.x) < d:
            strip.append(P[i])
    return min(d, stripClosest(strip, len(strip), d))
 
 
def closest(P, n):
    P = sorted(P, key=lambda point: point.x)
    return closestUtil(P, n)
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    P = [Point(x=2, y=3), Point(x=12, y=30),
         Point(x=40, y=50), Point(x=5, y=1), Point(x=12, y=10), Point(x=3, y=4)]
    n = len(P)
    print("The smallest distance is", closest(P, n))

                    

C#

// A divide and conquer program in C#
// to find the smallest distance from a
// given set of points.
using System;
using System.Linq;
 
// A structure to represent a Point in 2D plane
class Point {
  public int x, y;
 
  public Point(int x, int y) {
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }
}
 
class GFG {
 
  // Needed to sort array of points according to Y coordinate
  static int compareX(Point a, Point b) {
    return a.x.CompareTo(b.x);
  }
 
  // Needed to sort array of points according to Y coordinate
  static int compareY(Point a, Point b) {
    return a.y.CompareTo(b.y);
  }
 
  // A utility function to find the
  // distance between two points
  static double dist(Point p1, Point p2) {
    return Math.Sqrt(Math.Pow(p1.x - p2.x, 2) + Math.Pow(p1.y - p2.y, 2));
  }
 
  // A Brute Force method to return the
  // smallest distance between two points
  // in P[] of size n
  static double bruteForce(Point[] P, int n) {
    double min = double.MaxValue;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
      for (int j = i + 1; j < n; ++j)
        if (dist(P[i], P[j]) < min)
          min = dist(P[i], P[j]);
    return min;
  }
 
  // A utility function to find
  // minimum of two float values
  static double min(double x, double y) {
    return x < y ? x : y;
  }
 
  // A utility function to find the
  // distance between the closest points of
  // strip of given size. All points in
  // strip[] are sorted according to
  // y coordinate. They all have an upper
  // bound on minimum distance as d.
  // Note that this method seems to be
  // a O(n^2) method, but it's a O(n)
  // method as the inner loop runs at most 6 times
  static double stripClosest(Point[] strip, int size, double d) {
    double min = d; // Initialize the minimum distance as d
    Array.Sort(strip, compareY);
 
    // Pick all points one by one and try the next points till the difference
    // between y coordinates is smaller than d.
    // This is a proven fact that this loop runs at most 6 times
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
      for (int j = i + 1; j < size && (strip[j].y - strip[i].y) < min; ++j)
        if (dist(strip[i], strip[j]) < min)
          min = dist(strip[i], strip[j]);
    return min;
  }
 
  // A recursive function to find the
  // smallest distance. The array P contains
  // all points sorted according to x coordinate
  static double closestUtil(Point[] P, int n) {
 
    // If there are 2 or 3 points, then use brute force
    if (n <= 3)
      return bruteForce(P, n);
 
    // Find the middle point
    int mid = n / 2;
    Point midPoint = P[mid];
 
    // Consider the vertical line passing
    // through the middle point calculate
    // the smallest distance dl on left
    // of middle point and dr on right side
    double dl = closestUtil(P.Take(mid).ToArray(), mid);
    double dr = closestUtil(P.Skip(mid).ToArray(), n - mid);
 
    // Find the smaller of two distances
    double d = min(dl, dr);
 
    // Build an array strip[] that contains
    // points close (closer than d)
    // to the line passing through the middle point
    Point[] strip = P.Where(p => Math.Abs(p.x - midPoint.x) < d).ToArray();
 
    // Find the closest points in strip.
    // Return the minimum of d and closest
    // distance is strip[]
    return min(d, stripClosest(strip, strip.Length, d));
  }
 
  // The main function that finds the smallest distance
  // This method mainly uses closestUtil()
  static double closest(Point[] P, int n) {
    Array.Sort(P, compareX);
    return closestUtil(P, n);
  }
 
  // Driver code
  static void Main(string[] args) {
    Point[] P = { new Point(2, 3),
                 new Point(12, 30),
                 new Point(40, 50),
                 new Point(5, 1),
                 new Point(12, 10),
                 new Point(3, 4)
                 };
    int n = P.Length;
    Console.WriteLine("The smallest distance is " + closest(P, n));
  }
}
 
// This Code is Contributed by Prasad Kandekar(prasad264)

                    

Javascript

// A divide and conquer program in JavaScript
// to find the smallest distance from a
// given set of points.
 
// A structure to represent a Point in 2D plane
class Point {
    constructor(x, y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }
}
 
// Needed to sort array of points
// according to X coordinate
function compareX(a, b) {
    var p1 = a, p2 = b;
    return (p1.x - p2.x);
}
 
// Needed to sort array of points according to Y coordinate
function compareY(a, b) {
    var p1 = a, p2 = b;
    return (p1.y - p2.y);
}
 
// A utility function to find the
// distance between two points
function dist(p1, p2) {
    return Math.sqrt((p1.x - p2.x) ** 2 + (p1.y - p2.y) ** 2);
}
 
// A Brute Force method to return the
// smallest distance between two points
// in P[] of size n
function bruteForce(P, n) {
    var min = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
    for (var i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        for (var j = i + 1; j < n; ++j) {
            if (dist(P[i], P[j]) < min) {
                min = dist(P[i], P[j]);
            }
        }
    }
    return min;
}
 
 
// A utility function to find the
// distance between the closest points of
// strip of given size. All points in
// strip[] are sorted according to
// y coordinate. They all have an upper
// bound on minimum distance as d.
// Note that this method seems to be
// a O(n^2) method, but it's a O(n)
// method as the inner loop runs at most 6 times
function stripClosest(strip, size, d) {
    var min = d; // Initialize the minimum distance as d
    strip.sort(compareY);
     
    // Pick all points one by one and try the next points till the difference
    // between y coordinates is smaller than d.
    // This is a proven fact that this loop runs at most 6 times
    for (var i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        for (var j = i + 1; j < size && (strip[j].y - strip[i].y) < min; ++j) {
            if (dist(strip[i], strip[j]) < min) {
                min = dist(strip[i], strip[j]);
            }
        }
    }
    return min;
}
 
// A recursive function to find the
// smallest distance. The array P contains
// all points sorted according to x coordinate
function closestUtil(P, n) {
     
    // If there are 2 or 3 points, then use brute force
    if (n <= 3) {
        return bruteForce(P, n);
    }
     
    // Find the middle point
    var mid = Math.floor(n / 2);
    var midPoint = P[mid];
     
    // Consider the vertical line passing
    // through the middle point calculate
    // the smallest distance dl on left
    // of middle point and dr on right side
    var dl = closestUtil(P, mid);
    var dr = closestUtil(P.slice(mid), n - mid);
     
    // Find the smaller of two distances
    var d = Math.min(dl, dr);
     
    // Build an array strip[] that contains
    // points close (closer than d)
    // to the line passing through the middle point
    var strip = [];
    var j = 0;
    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        if (Math.abs(P[i].x - midPoint.x) < d) {
            strip[j] = P[i];
            j++;
        }
    }
     
    // Find the closest points in strip.
    // Return the minimum of d and closest
    // distance is strip[]
    return Math.min(d, stripClosest(strip, j, d));
}
 
// The main function that finds the smallest distance
// This method mainly uses closestUtil()
function closest(P, n) {
    P.sort(compareX);
     
    // Use recursive function closestUtil()
    // to find the smallest distance
    return closestUtil(P, n);
}
 
// Driver code
var P = [new Point(2, 3), new Point(12, 30), new Point(40, 50),
         new Point(5, 1), new Point(12, 10), new Point(3, 4)];
var n = P.length;
console.log(`The smallest distance is ${closest(P, n)}`);
 
// This is code is contributed by Prasad Kandekar(prasad264)

                    

Output
The smallest distance is 1.41421

Time Complexity Let Time complexity of above algorithm be T(n). Let us assume that we use a O(nLogn) sorting algorithm. The above algorithm divides all points in two sets and recursively calls for two sets. After dividing, it finds the strip in O(n) time, sorts the strip in O(nLogn) time and finally finds the closest points in strip in O(n) time. So T(n) can expressed as follows 
T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(n) + O(nLogn) + O(n) 
T(n) = 2T(n/2) + O(nLogn) 
T(n) = T(n x Logn x Logn)

Auxiliary Space: O(log n)

Notes 
1) Time complexity can be improved to O(nLogn) by optimizing step 5 of the above algorithm. We will soon be discussing the optimized solution in a separate post. 
2) The code finds smallest distance. It can be easily modified to find the points with the smallest distance. 
3) The code uses quick sort which can be O(n^2) in the worst case. To have the upper bound as O(n (Logn)^2), a O(nLogn) sorting algorithm like merge sort or heap sort can be used 


References: 
http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2013/cmsc451/Lects/lect10.pdf 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closest_pair_of_points_problem
 



Last Updated : 13 Feb, 2023
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