Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions – Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space – Exercise 28.2 | Set 1

Last Updated : 14 Jul, 2021

Question 1. Show that the three lines with direction cosines 12/13, -3/13, – 4/13; 4/13, 12/13, 3/13; 3/13, – 4/13, 12/13 are mutually perpendicular.

Solution:

The direction cosines of the three lines are
l₁ = 12/13, m₁ = -3/13, n₁ = -4/13
l₂ = 4/13, m₂ = 12/13, n₂ = 3/13
l₃ = 3/13, m₃= -4/13, n₃= 12/13
So, l₁ l₂ + m₁ m₂ + n₁ n₂ = $\frac{48 - 36 - 12}{169}$ = 0
Also,
l₂ l₃ + m₂ m₃ + n₂ n₃ = $\frac{12 - 48 + 36}{169}$ = 0
l₁ l₃ + m₁ m₃ + n₁ n₃ = $\frac{36 + 12 - 48}{169}$ = 0
Therefore, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
Hence proved.

Question 2. Show that the line through the points (1, −1, 2) and (3, 4, −2) is perpendicular to the through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).

Solution:

We have,
$\vec{a}$ is passing through the points (1, -1, 2) and (3, 4, -2).
Also, $\vec{a}$ is passing through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
Then,
$\vec{a} = 2 \hat{i} + 5 \hat{j} - 4\hat{k}$
$\vec{b} = 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k}$
Now,
$\vec{a} . \vec{b} = \left( 2 \hat{i} + 5 \hat{j} - 4 \hat{k} \right) . \left( 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k} \right)$
= 6 + 10 – 16
= 0
Therefore, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.
Hence proved.

Question 3. Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points (−1, −2, 1) and, (1, 2, 5).

Solution:

Equations of lines passing through the points (x₁, y₁, z₁) and (x₂, y₂, z₂) are given by
$\frac{x - x_1}{x_2 - x_1} = \frac{y - y_1}{y_2 - y_1} = \frac{z - z_1}{z_2 - z_1}$
So, the equation of a line passing through (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is
$\frac{x - 4}{2 - 4} = \frac{y - 7}{3 - 7} = \frac{z - 8}{4 - 8}$
$\frac{x - 4}{- 2} = \frac{y - 7}{- 4} = \frac{z - 8}{- 4}$
Also, the equation of the line passing through the points ( -1, -2,1) and (1, 2, 5) is
$\frac{x + 1}{1 + 1} = \frac{y + 2}{2 + 2} = \frac{z - 1}{5 - 1}$
$\frac{x + 1}{2} = \frac{y + 2}{4} = \frac{z - 1}{4}$
We know that two lines are parallel if,
$\frac{a_1}{a_2} = \frac{b_1}{b_2} = \frac{c_1}{c_2}$
And the Cartesian equations of the two lines are given by,
$\frac{x - x_1}{a_1} = \frac{y - y_1}{b_1} = \frac{z - z_1}{c_1}$
$\frac{x - x_2}{a_2} = \frac{y - y_2}{b_2} = \frac{z - z_2}{c_2}$
So, we get,
$\frac{- 2}{2} = \frac{- 4}{4} = \frac{- 4}{4} = -1$
Therefore, the given lines are parallel to each other.
Hence proved.

Question 4. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (−2, 4, −5) and parallel to the line given by $\frac{x + 3}{3} = \frac{y - 4}{5} = \frac{z + 8}{6}$ .

Solution:

We know that the cartesian equation of a line passing through a point with position vector $\vec{a}$ and parallel to the vector $\vec{b}$ is given by,
$\frac{x - x_1}{a} = \frac{y - y_2}{b} = \frac{z - z_3}{c}$
Here,
$\vec{a} = -2 \hat{i} + 4j - 5 \hat{k}$
$\vec{b} = 3 \hat{i} + 5 \hat{j} - 6 \hat{k}$
The cartesian equation of the required line is,
$\frac{x - \left( - 2 \right)}{3} = \frac{y - 4}{5} = \frac{z - \left( - 5 \right)}{6}$
=> $\frac{x + 2}{3} = \frac{y - 4}{5} = \frac{z + 5}{6}$

Question 5. Show that the lines $\frac{x - 5}{7} = \frac{y + 2}{- 5} = \frac{z}{1}$ and $\frac{x}{1} = \frac{y}{2} = \frac{z}{3}$ are perpendicular to each other.

Solution:

We have
$\frac{x - 5}{7} = \frac{y + 2}{- 5} = \frac{z}{1}$
And also,
$\frac{x}{1} = \frac{y}{2} = \frac{z}{3}$
These equations can be re-written as,
$\frac{x - 5}{7} = \frac{y - \left( - 2 \right)}{- 5} = \frac{z - 0}{1}$ . . . . (1)
$\frac{x - 0}{1} = \frac{y - 0}{2} = \frac{z - 0}{3}$ . . . . (2)
Therefore, the vector parallel to line (1) is given by,
$\vec{m_1} = 7 \hat{i} - 5 \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
And the vector parallel to line (2) is given by,
$\vec{m_2} = \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 3 \hat{k}$
Now,
$\vec{m_1} . \vec{m_2} = \left( 7 \hat{i} - 5 \hat{j} + \hat{k} \right) . \left( \hat{i}+ 2 \hat{j} + 3 \hat{k} \right)$
= 7 – 10 + 3
= 0
Therefore, the given two lines are perpendicular to each other.
Hence proved.

Question 6. Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) is perpendicular to the line determined by the points (3, 5, −1) and (4, 3, −1).

Solution:

The direction ratios of the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) are 2, 1, 1.
Let $\vec{b_1} = 2 \hat{i} + \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
The direction ratios of the line joining the points (3, 5, -1) and (4, 3, -1) are 1, -2, 0.
Let $\vec{b_2} = \hat{i} - 2 \hat{j} + 0 \hat{k}$
Now,
$\vec{b_1} . \vec{b_2} = \left( 2 \hat{i} + \hat{j} + \hat{k } \right) . \left( \hat{i} - 2 \hat{j} + 0 \hat{k} \right)$
= 2 – 2 + 0
= 0
So, we get $\overrightarrow{b_1} \perp \overrightarrow{b_2}$ .
Therefore, the two lines joining the given points are perpendicular to each other.
Hence proved.

Question 7. Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin.

Solution:

The direction ratios of the line parallel to x-axis are proportional to 1, 0, 0.
Equation of the line passing through the origin (0, 0, 0) and parallel to x-axis is
$\frac{x - 0}{1} = \frac{y - 0}{0} = \frac{z - 0}{0}$
=> $\frac{x}{1} = \frac{y}{0} = \frac{z}{0}$

Question 8. Find the angle between the following pair of line:

(i) $\vec{r} = \left( 4 \hat{i} - \hat{j} \right) + \lambda\left( \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - 2 \hat{k} \right)$ and $\vec{r} = \hat{i} - \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} - \mu\left( 2 \hat{i} + 4 \hat{j} - 4 \hat{k} \right)$

Solution:

We have,
$\vec{r} = \left( 4 \hat{i} - \hat{j} \right) + \lambda\left( \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - 2 \hat{k} \right)$
And also,
$\vec{r} = \hat{i} - \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} - \mu\left( 2 \hat{i} + 4 \hat{j} - 4 \hat{k} \right)$
Let $\vec{b_1}$ and $\vec{b_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given lines .
Now,
$\vec{b_1} = \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - 2 \hat{k}$
$\vec{b_2} = 2 \hat{i} + 4 \hat{j} - 4 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given lines, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\vec{b_1} . \vec{b_2}}{\left| \vec{b_1} \right| \left| \vec{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - 2 \hat{k} \right) . \left( 2 \hat{i} + 4 \hat{j} - 4 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{1^2 + 2^2 + \left( - 2 \right)^2} \sqrt{2^2 + 4^2 + \left( - 4 \right)^2}}$
= $\frac{2 + 8 + 8}{3(6)}$
= 1
As cos θ = 1
=> θ = 0°
Therefore, the angle between two lines is 0°.

(ii) $\vec{r} = \left( 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - 4 \hat{k} \right) + \lambda\left( \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} \right)$ and $\vec{r} = \left( 5 \hat{j} - 2 \hat{k} \right) + \mu\left( 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 6 \hat{k} \right)$

Solution:

We have,
$\vec{r} = \left( 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - 4 \hat{k} \right) + \lambda\left( \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} \right)$
And also,
$\vec{r} = \left( 5 \hat{j} - 2 \hat{k} \right) + \mu\left( 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 6 \hat{k} \right)$
Let $\vec{b_1}$ and $\vec{b_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given lines .
Now,
$\vec{b_1} = \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 6 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given line, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} . \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{b_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} \right) . \left( 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 6 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{1^2 + 2^2 + 2^2} \sqrt{3^2 + 2^2 + 6^2}}$
= $\frac{3 + 4 + 12}{3 \times 7}$
= 19/21
As cos θ = 19/21
=> θ = cos^-1 (19/21)
Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos^-1 (19/21).

(iii) $\overrightarrow{r} = \lambda\left( \hat{i} + \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} \right)$ and $\overrightarrow{r} = 2 \hat{j} + \mu\left\{ \left( \sqrt{3} - 1 \right) \hat{i} - \left( \sqrt{3} + 1 \right) \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k} \right\}$

Solution:

We have,
$\overrightarrow{r} = \lambda\left( \hat{i} + \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} \right)$
And also,
$\overrightarrow{r} = 2 \hat{j} + \mu\left\{ \left( \sqrt{3} - 1 \right) \hat{i} - \left( \sqrt{3} + 1 \right) \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k} \right\}$
Let $\overrightarrow {b_1}$ and $\overrightarrow {b_2}$ be vector parallel to the given line.
Now,
$\overrightarrow{b_1} = \hat{i} + \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = \left( \sqrt{3} - 1 \right) \hat{i} - \left( \sqrt{3} + 1 \right) \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given line, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} . \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{b_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( \hat{i} + \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} \right) . \left( \left( \sqrt{3} - 1 \right) \hat{i} - \left( \sqrt{3} + 1 \right) \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{1^2 + 1^2 + 2^2} \sqrt{\left( \sqrt{3} - 1 \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{3} + 1 \right)^2 + 4^2}}$
= $\frac{\left( \sqrt{3} - 1 \right) - \left( \sqrt{3} + 1 \right) + 8}{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{24}}$
= 6/12
= 1/2
As cos θ = 1/2
=> θ = π/3
Therefore, the angle between two lines is π/3.

Question 9. Find the angle between the following pair of line:

(i) $\frac{x + 4}{3} = \frac{y - 1}{5} = \frac{z + 3}{4}$ and $\frac{x + 1}{1} = \frac{y - 4}{1} = \frac{z - 5}{2}$

Solution:

We have,
$\frac{x + 4}{3} = \frac{y - 1}{5} = \frac{z + 3}{4}$
And also,
$\frac{x + 1}{1} = \frac{y - 4}{1} = \frac{z - 5}{2}$
Let, $\overrightarrow{b_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{b_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given line.
$\overrightarrow{b_1} = 3 \hat{i} + 5 \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = \hat{i} + \hat{j}+ 2 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given line, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} . \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{b_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( 3 \hat{i} + 5 \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k} \right) . \left( \hat{i} + \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{3^2 + 5^2 + 4^2} \sqrt{1^2 + 1^2 + 2^2}}$
= $\frac{3 + 5 + 8}{10\sqrt{3}}$
= 8/5√3
As cos θ = 8/5√3
=> θ = cos^-1 (8/5√3)
Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos^-1 (8/5√3).

(ii) $\frac{x - 1}{2} = \frac{y - 2}{3} = \frac{z - 3}{- 3}$ and $\frac{x + 3}{- 1} = \frac{y - 5}{8} = \frac{z - 1}{4}$

Solution:

We have,
$\frac{x - 1}{2} = \frac{y - 2}{3} = \frac{z - 3}{- 3}$
And also,
$\frac{x + 3}{- 1} = \frac{y - 5}{8} = \frac{z - 1}{4}$
Let $\overrightarrow{b_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{b_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given lines.
Now,
$\overrightarrow{b_1} = 2 \hat{i} + 3 \hat{j} - 3 \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = - \hat{i} + 8 \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given lines, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} . \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{b_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( 2 \hat{i} + 3 \hat{j} - 3 \hat{k} \right) . \left( - \hat{i} + 8 \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{2^2 + 3^2 + \left( - 3 \right)^2} \sqrt{\left( - 1 \right)^2 + 8^2 + 4^2}}$
= $\frac{- 2 + 24 - 12}{9\sqrt{22}}$
= $\frac{10}{9\sqrt{22}}$
As cos θ = $\frac{10}{9\sqrt{22}}$
=> θ = $\cos^{- 1} \left( \frac{10}{9\sqrt{22}} \right)$
Therefore, the angle between two lines is $\cos^{- 1} \left( \frac{10}{9\sqrt{22}} \right)$ .

(iii) $\frac{5 - x}{- 2} = \frac{y + 3}{1} = \frac{1 - z}{3}$ and $\frac{x}{3} = \frac{1 - y}{- 2} = \frac{z + 5}{- 1}$

Solution:

We have,
$\frac{5 - x}{- 2} = \frac{y + 3}{1} = \frac{1 - z}{3}$
And also,
$\frac{x}{3} = \frac{1 - y}{- 2} = \frac{z + 5}{- 1}$
The equation of the given line can be re-written as
$\frac{x - 5}{2} = \frac{y + 3}{1} = \frac{z - 1}{- 3}$
$\frac{x}{3} = \frac{y - 1}{2} = \frac{z + 5}{- 1}$
Let $\overrightarrow{b_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{b_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given lines.
Now,
$\overrightarrow{b_1} = 2 \hat{i} + \hat{j} - 3 \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given lines, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} . \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{b_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( 2 \hat{i} + \hat{j} - 3 \hat{k} \right) . \left( 3 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{2^2 + 1^2 + \left( - 3 \right)^2} \sqrt{3^2 + 2^2 + \left( - 1 \right)^2}}$
= $\frac{6 + 2 + 3}{\sqrt{14} \sqrt{14}}$
= 11/14
As cos θ = 11/14
=> θ = cos^-1 (11/14)
Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos^-1 (11/14).

(iv) $\frac{x - 2}{3} = \frac{y + 3}{- 2}, z = 5$ and $\frac{x + 1}{1} = \frac{2y - 3}{3} = \frac{z - 5}{2}$

Solution:

We have,
$\frac{x - 2}{3} = \frac{y + 3}{- 2}, z = 5$
And also,
$\frac{x + 1}{1} = \frac{2y - 3}{3} = \frac{z - 5}{2}$
The equations of the given lines can be re-written as
$\frac{x - 2}{3} = \frac{y + 3}{- 2} = \frac{z - 5}{0}$
$\frac{x + 1}{1} = \frac{y - \frac{3}{2}}{\frac{3}{2}} = \frac{z - 5}{2}$
Let $\overrightarrow{ b_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{ b_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given lines.
Now,
$\overrightarrow{b_1} = 3 \hat{i} - 2 \hat{j} + 0 \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = \hat{i} + \frac{3}{2} \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given lines, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} . \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{b_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( 3 \hat{i} - 2 \hat{j} + 0 \hat{k} \right) . \left( \hat{i} + \frac{3}{2} \hat{j} + 2 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{3^2 + \left( - 2 \right)^2 + 0^2} \sqrt{1^2 + \left( \frac{3}{2} \right)^2 + 2^2}}$
= $\frac{3 - 3 + 0}{\sqrt{13} \sqrt{\frac{29}{4}}}$
= 0
As cos θ = 0
=> θ = π/2
Therefore, the angle between two lines is π/2.

(v) $\frac{x - 5}{1} = \frac{2y + 6}{- 2} = \frac{z - 3}{1}$ and $\frac{x - 2}{3} = \frac{y + 1}{4} = \frac{z - 6}{5}$

Solution:

We have,
$\frac{x - 5}{1} = \frac{2y + 6}{- 2} = \frac{z - 3}{1}$
And also,
$\frac{x - 2}{3} = \frac{y + 1}{4} = \frac{z - 6}{5}$
The equations of the given lines can be re-written as,
$\frac{x - 5}{1} = \frac{y + 3}{- 1} = \frac{z - 3}{1}$
$\frac{x - 2}{3} = \frac{y + 1}{4} = \frac{z - 6}{5}$
Let $\overrightarrow { b_1}$ and $\overrightarrow { b_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given lines.
Now,
$\overrightarrow{b_1} = \hat{i} - \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = 3 \hat{i} + 4 \hat{j} + 5 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given lines, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} . \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{b_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( \hat{i} - \hat{j} + \hat{k} \right) . \left( 3 \hat{i} + 4 \hat{j} + 5 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{1^2 + \left( - 1 \right)^2 + 1^2} \sqrt{3^2 + 4^2 + 5^2}}$
= $\frac{3 - 4 + 5}{\sqrt{3} \sqrt{50}}$
= 4/5√6
As cos θ = 4/5√6
=> θ = cos^-1 (4/5√6)
Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos^-1 (4/5√6).

(vi) $\frac{- x + 2}{- 2} = \frac{y - 1}{7} = \frac{z + 3}{- 3}$ and $\frac{x + 2}{- 1} = \frac{2y - 8}{4} = \frac{z - 5}{4}$

Solution:

We have,
$\frac{- x + 2}{- 2} = \frac{y - 1}{7} = \frac{z + 3}{- 3}$
And also,
$\frac{x + 2}{- 1} = \frac{2y - 8}{4} = \frac{z - 5}{4}$
The equations of the given lines can be re-written as
$\frac{x - 2}{2} = \frac{y - 1}{7} = \frac{z + 3}{- 3}$
$\frac{x + 2}{- 1} = \frac{y - 4}{2} = \frac{z - 5}{4}$
Let $\overrightarrow{b_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{b_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given lines.
Now,
$\overrightarrow{b_1} = 2 \hat{i} + 7 \hat{j} - 3 \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = - 1 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given lines, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{b_1} . \overrightarrow{b_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{b_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{b_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( 2 \hat{i} + 7 \hat{j} - 3 \hat{k} \right) . \left( - 1 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + 4 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{2^2 + 7^2 + \left( - 3 \right)^2} \sqrt{\left( - 1 \right)^2 + 2^2 + 4^2}}$
= $\frac{- 2 + 14 - 12}{\sqrt{62} \sqrt{21}}$
= 0
As cos θ = 0
=> θ = π/2
Therefore, the angle between two lines is π/2.

Question 10. Find the angle between the pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to:

(i) 5, −12, 13 and −3, 4, 5

Solution:

We have pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to 5, −12, 13 and −3, 4, 5.
Let $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ be vectors parallel to the two given lines.
Then, the angle between the two given lines is same as the angle between $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ .
Now,
The vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to 5, – 12, 13 is,
$\overrightarrow{m_1} = 5 \hat{i} - 12 \hat{j} + 13 \hat{k}$
And the vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to -3, 4, 5 is,
$\overrightarrow{m_2} = - 3 \hat{i} + 4 \hat{j} + 5 \hat{k}$
Let θ be the angle between the lines.
Now,
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{m_1} . \overrightarrow{m_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{m_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{m_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( 5 \hat{i} - 12 \hat{j} + 13 \hat{k} \right) . \left( - 3 \hat{i} + 4 \hat{j} + 5 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{5^2 + \left( - 12 \right)^2 + {13}^2} \sqrt{\left( - 3 \right)^2 + 4^2 + 5^2}}$
= $\frac{- 15 - 48 + 65}{13\sqrt{2} \times 5\sqrt{2}}$
= 1/65
As cos θ = 1/65
=> θ = cos^-1 (1/65)
Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos^-1 (1/65).

(ii) 2, 2, 1 and 4, 1, 8

Solution:

We have pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to 2, 2, 1 and 4, 1, 8.
Let $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given two lines.
Then, the angle between the lines is same as the angle between $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ .
Now,
The vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to 2, 2, 1 is,
$\overrightarrow{m_1} = 2 \hat{i} - 2 \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
And the vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to 4, 1, 8 is,
$\overrightarrow{m_2} = 4 \hat{i} + \hat{j} + 8 \hat{k}$
Let θ be the angle between the lines.
Now,
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{m_1} . \overrightarrow{m_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{m_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{m_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( 2 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + \hat{k} \right) . \left( 4 \hat{i}+ \hat{j} + 8 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{2^2 + 2^2 + 1^2} \sqrt{4^2 + 1^2 + 8^2}}$
= $\frac{8 + 2 + 8}{3 \times 9}$
= 2/3
As cos θ = 2/3
=> θ = cos^-1 (2/3)
Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos^-1 (2/3).

(iii) 1, 2, −2 and −2, 2, 1

Solution:

We have pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to 1, 2, −2 and −2, 2, 1.
Let $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ be vectors parallel to the two given lines.
Then, the angle between the two given lines is same as the angle between $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ .
Now,
The vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to 1, 2, – 2 is,
$\overrightarrow{m_1} = \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - 2 \hat{k}$
And the vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to -2, 2, 1 is,
$\overrightarrow{m_2} = - 2 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
Let θ be the angle between the lines.
Now,
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{m_1} . \overrightarrow{m_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{m_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{m_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} - 2 \hat{k} \right) . \left( - 2 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{1^2 + 2^2 + \left( - 2 \right)^2} \sqrt{\left( - 2 \right)^2 + 2^2 + 1^2}}$
= $\frac{- 2 + 4 - 2}{3 \times 3}$
= 0
As cos θ = 0
=> θ = π/2
Therefore, the angle between two lines is π/2.

(iv) a, b, c and b − c, c − a, a − b

Solution:

We have pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to a, b, c and b − c, c − a, a − b.
Let $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ be vectors parallel to the given two lines.
Then, the angle between the two lines is same as the angle between $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ .
Now,
The vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to a, b, c is,
$\overrightarrow{m_1} = a \hat{i} + b \hat{j} + c \hat{k}$
And the vector parallel to the line having direction ratios proportional to b – c, c – a, a – b is,
$\overrightarrow{m_2} = \left( b - c \right) \hat{ i }+ \left( c - a \right) \hat{j} + \left( a - b \right) \hat{k}$
Let θ be the angle between the lines.
Now,
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{m_1} . \overrightarrow{m_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{m_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{m_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( a \hat{i} + b \hat{j} + c \hat{k} \right) . \left\{ \left( b - c \right) \hat{i} + \left( c - a \right) \hat{j} + \left( a - b \right) \hat{k} \right\}}{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 + c^2} \sqrt{\left( b - c \right)^2 + \left( c - a \right)^2 + \left( a - b \right)^2}}$
= $\frac{ab - ac + bc - ba + ca - cb}{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 + c^2} \sqrt{\left( b - c \right)^2 + \left( c - a \right)^2 + \left( a - b \right)^2}}$
= 0
As cos θ = 0
=> θ = π/2
Therefore, the angle between two lines is π/2.

Question 11. Find the angle between two lines, one of which has direction ratios 2, 2, 1 while the other one is obtained by joining the points (3, 1, 4) and (7, 2, 12).

Solution:

The direction ratios of the line joining the points (3, 1, 4) and (7, 2, 12) are proportional to 4, 1, 8.
Let $\overrightarrow{m_1}$ and $\overrightarrow{m_2}$ be vectors parallel to the lines having direction ratios proportional to 2, 2, 1 and 4, 1, 8.
Now,
$\overrightarrow{b_1} = 2 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
$\overrightarrow{b_2} = 4 \hat{i} + \hat{j} + 8 \hat{k}$
If θ is the angle between the given lines, then
$\cos \theta = \frac{\overrightarrow{m_1} . \overrightarrow{m_2}}{\left| \overrightarrow{m_1} \right| \left| \overrightarrow{m_2} \right|}$
= $\frac{\left( 2 \hat{i} + 2 \hat{j} + \hat{k} \right) . \left( 4 \hat{i} + \hat{j} + 8 \hat{k} \right)}{\sqrt{2^2 + 2^2 + 1^2} \sqrt{4^2 + 1^2 + 8^2}}$
= $\frac{8 + 2 + 8}{3 \times 9}$
= 2/3
As cos θ = 2/3
=> θ = cos^-1 (2/3)
Therefore, the angle between two lines is cos^-1 (2/3).

Question 12. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, −4) and parallel to the line $\frac{x - 3}{4} = \frac{y - 5}{2} = \frac{z + 1}{3}$ .

Solution:

The direction ratios of the line parallel to line $\frac{x - 3}{4} = \frac{y - 5}{2} = \frac{z + 1}{3}$ are proportional to 4, 2, 3.
Equation of the required line passing through the point (1, 2,-4) having direction ratios proportional to 4, 2, 3 is
$\frac{x - 1}{4} = \frac{y - 2}{2} = \frac{z - \left( - 4 \right)}{3}$
=> $\frac{x - 1}{4} = \frac{y - 2}{2} = \frac{z + 4}{3}$

My Personal Notes

1. Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space - Exercise 28.1 | Set 1

2. Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space - Exercise 28.1 | Set 2

3. Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space - Exercise 28.2 | Set 2

4. Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions- Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space - Exercise 28.4

5. Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space - Exercise 28.5

6. Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space - Exercise 28.3

7. Class 11 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 23 The Straight Lines- Exercise 23.12 | Set 3

8. Class 11 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 23 The Straight Lines- Exercise 23.1 | Set 1

9. Class 11 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 23 The Straight Lines- Exercise 23.1 | Set 2

10. Class 11 RD Sharma solutions - Chapter 23 The Straight Lines- Exercise 23.6 | Set 1

Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space - Exercise 28.1 | Set 2

Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions - Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space - Exercise 28.2 | Set 2

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Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions – Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space – Exercise 28.2 | Set 1

Question 1. Show that the three lines with direction cosines 12/13, -3/13, – 4/13; 4/13, 12/13, 3/13; 3/13, – 4/13, 12/13 are mutually perpendicular.

Question 2. Show that the line through the points (1, −1, 2) and (3, 4, −2) is perpendicular to the through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).

Question 3. Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points (−1, −2, 1) and, (1, 2, 5).

Question 4. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (−2, 4, −5) and parallel to the line given by $\frac{x + 3}{3} = \frac{y - 4}{5} = \frac{z + 8}{6}$ .

Question 5. Show that the lines $\frac{x - 5}{7} = \frac{y + 2}{- 5} = \frac{z}{1}$ and $\frac{x}{1} = \frac{y}{2} = \frac{z}{3}$ are perpendicular to each other.

Question 6. Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) is perpendicular to the line determined by the points (3, 5, −1) and (4, 3, −1).

Question 7. Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin.

Question 8. Find the angle between the following pair of line:

Question 9. Find the angle between the following pair of line:

Question 10. Find the angle between the pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to:

Question 11. Find the angle between two lines, one of which has direction ratios 2, 2, 1 while the other one is obtained by joining the points (3, 1, 4) and (7, 2, 12).

Question 12. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, −4) and parallel to the line $\frac{x - 3}{4} = \frac{y - 5}{2} = \frac{z + 1}{3}$ .

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Class 12 RD Sharma Solutions – Chapter 28 The Straight Line in Space – Exercise 28.2 | Set 1

Question 1. Show that the three lines with direction cosines 12/13, -3/13, – 4/13; 4/13, 12/13, 3/13; 3/13, – 4/13, 12/13 are mutually perpendicular.

Question 2. Show that the line through the points (1, −1, 2) and (3, 4, −2) is perpendicular to the through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).

Question 3. Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points (−1, −2, 1) and, (1, 2, 5).

Question 4. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (−2, 4, −5) and parallel to the line given by .

Question 5. Show that the linesandare perpendicular to each other.

Question 6. Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2, 1, 1) is perpendicular to the line determined by the points (3, 5, −1) and (4, 3, −1).

Question 7. Find the equation of a line parallel to x-axis and passing through the origin.

Question 8. Find the angle between the following pair of line:

Question 9. Find the angle between the following pair of line:

Question 10. Find the angle between the pairs of lines with direction ratios proportional to:

Question 11. Find the angle between two lines, one of which has direction ratios 2, 2, 1 while the other one is obtained by joining the points (3, 1, 4) and (7, 2, 12).

Question 12. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, −4) and parallel to the line.

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CBSE Class 12 Computer Science

GATE CS & IT 2024

Complete Machine Learning & Data Science Program

JavaScript Foundation - Self Paced

Data Structures & Algorithms in Python - Self Paced

Python Programming Foundation -Self Paced

Master Java Programming - Complete Beginner to Advanced

Complete Interview Preparation - Self Paced

Data Structures and Algorithms - Self Paced

Mastering Data Analytics

Competitive Programming - Live

System Design - Live

DevOps Engineering - Planning to Production

Master C++ Programming - Complete Beginner to Advanced

DSA Live for Working Professionals - Live

Master C Programming with Data Structures

JAVA Backend Development - Live

Full Stack Development with React & Node JS - Live

Start Your Coding Journey Now!

Question 4. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (−2, 4, −5) and parallel to the line given by $\frac{x + 3}{3} = \frac{y - 4}{5} = \frac{z + 8}{6}$ .

Question 5. Show that the lines $\frac{x - 5}{7} = \frac{y + 2}{- 5} = \frac{z}{1}$ and $\frac{x}{1} = \frac{y}{2} = \frac{z}{3}$ are perpendicular to each other.

Question 12. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, −4) and parallel to the line $\frac{x - 3}{4} = \frac{y - 5}{2} = \frac{z + 1}{3}$ .