The Making of Global World Class 10 History Notes Chapter 3

The Making of Global World Class 10 Notes is about Globalization. It refers to the process of increased interconnectivity and interdependence among countries, economies, cultures, and people around the world. With the idea of the history of globalization, students will have a precise understanding of the causes which led to such social as well as economic changes. The nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution is considered to be one of the most significant periods in the history of globalization. Making of Global World Class 10 Notes will provide an explanation of how globalization has its effects on the world as well as the Indian economy. These Class 11 History Chapter 3 Notes will help the students to get an overview of all the important concepts. By referring to these notes, the students will be able to recall the important topics of the chapter and can quickly revise the entire section.

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes for all chapters of Geography, History, Political Science, and Economics are available on GeeksforGeeks. Students can visit the CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes page to access these notes for free.

The Making of Global World Class 10 Notes History Chapter 3

These History notes of Chapter 3-The Making of a Global World are designed in such a way that students can easily understand the topic of Globalization and the topics related to it. You can also check our CBSE History Notes for Class 10 where all the history chapters can be accessed.

Important Notes on “The Making of Global World Class 10 “

1. The Pre-Modern World
2. The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)
3. The Inter-War Economy
4. Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-War Era

1. The Pre-Modern World 

The pre-modern world refers to the time period before the modern era, which is generally considered to have begun with the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century when people made important things like farming, writing, and trading. Religion was also important. They didn’t have the same kind of globalization that we have today, but there were still ways for people to trade and learn from each other, like the Silk Road trade routes. This helped to build the foundation for our global connections today. As early as 3000 BCE, an active coastal trade had linked the Harappan Civilization with present-day West Asia.

Silk Routes Link the World:

Silk Routes performed a major role in connecting the vast region of Asia, Northern Africa, and Europe. Here “silk route” points to the importance of West-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route. There are several silk routes, over land and by sea. Trade and Culture exchange always went hand in hand.  Chinese poetry, Christian missionaries, Muslim preachers, and Buddhism also travelled the same route, as did Textiles and  Spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return precious metals- Gold and Silver- flowed from Europe to Asia.

Food travels Spaghetti and Potato:

Traders and travellers also introduce new crops to the land they travelled even ready foodstuffs in distant parts of the world might share a common origin. “Ex:-  It is believed that Noodles travelled West from  China to become spaghetti. , Pasta from Arab to 5th century Sicily, an island now in Italy, and many more.  so the truth about their origins may never be known. Many of our common food such as potatoes, Maize, Tomato, soya, and chillies were introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent of the Americas(North America+ South America+ Caribbean). Sometimes the new crops could make the difference between life and death. ex Potato crop failure in Ireland in the mid-1840s. 

Conquest, Disease, and Trades:

Before the Europeans arrived, the Indian Ocean was a thriving centre of trade and the exchange of culture, ideas, goods, and people. However, the Europeans redirected trade routes toward Europe and the abundant resources of the Americas transformed global trade and lifestyles. 

The Europeans’ deadliest weapon was not a conventional military weapon but the germs they carried particularly smallpox. Despite suffering from poverty and hunger until the nineteenth century, Europe gradually became the centre of world trade, while China and India, which were among the wealthiest nations until the eighteenth century, retreated into isolation after the fifteenth century.

Read More: The Pre-Modern World

2. The Nineteenth Century ( 1815-1914)

During the 19th century, a complex interaction of economic, political, social, cultural, and technological factors transformed societies and change external relations. Economists identified three main flows or movements that played a crucial role in this transformation.

1. The trade of goods, such as cloth or wheat, saw a significant increase during this period.
2. The migration of people in search of employment is also known as the flow of labor. This movement of people had a profound impact on societies and economies, leading to demographic changes and cultural exchange.
3. The movement of capital, involved the investment of funds over long distances, either for short-term or long-term purposes. This movement of capital facilitated economic growth and development in many parts of the world, leading to the emergence of new centres of economic power.

A World Economy Takes Shape:

During the  19th century, Britain’s self-sufficiency in food led to lower living standards and social conflict. This was due to the population growth from the late eighteenth century, which led to the imposition of corn laws, restricting the import of corn. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports, resulting in vast areas of land being left uncultivated. Consequently, thousands of men and women migrated to cities or overseas.

However, food prices in Britain began to fall in the mid-nineteenth century, and industrial growth led to higher incomes and increased food imports. To meet the rising demand lands in Eastern Europe, Russia, America, and Australia were cleared for expanding food production. This required capital and labor, which were provided by London’s finance and the labor force from Europe that emigrated to America and Australia during this period.

By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape, characterized by complex changes in labor movement patterns, capital flows, ecologies, and technology. In West Punjab, the British Indian government built a network of irrigation canals that transformed semi-desert areas into fertile agricultural lands for growing wheat and cotton for export. The cultivation of cotton also expanded worldwide to feed British textile mills.

Role of Technology:

The nineteenth century saw several important technological advancements such as railways, steamships, and the telegraph, which transformed the world. However, these advances were often the result of larger social, political, and economic factors.

For instance, colonization stimulated new investments and improvements in transport, leading to faster railways, lighter wagons, and larger ships that helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets. Live animals were also shipped from America to Europe until the 1870s. This helped bring meat, considered an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European poor, to their plates. As a result, people could add meat, butter, and eggs to their diet, breaking the earlier monotony of bread and potatoes.

Thus, technological advancements in transportation were instrumental in improving the availability and affordability of food, which in turn had a significant impact on the dietary habits and living standards of people.

Late Nineteenth-Century Colonialism:

In the late 1800s, trade and markets grew bigger, but this caused problems for many people around the world. Powerful countries like Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany took control of many places, including Africa, and exploited their resources and people. The United States also became a colonial power and forced some people to give up their own culture. So, while there was more business and money, many people lost their freedom and way of life.

Read More: The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)

Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague

In the 1890s, a disease called cattle plague spread quickly in Africa, and it had a big impact on the people’s livelihoods and the local economy. Europeans were interested in Africa because it had a lot of land and minerals, but they faced a problem – there were not enough people willing to work for wages.

The Europeans had come to Africa with the hope of establishing of plantations and mines for the production of crops and minerals for export to Europe. But there was an unexpected kind of problem- a shortage of labor who would be willing to work for wages. Because of this, the inheritance law came to be changed and accordingly a new one, only one member of a given family was allowed to inherit the land. By the late 1880s, Riderpest arrived in Africa and carried with it infected cattle imported from British Asia, which were fed on for Italian soldiers who invaded Eritrea in East Africa. This led to a loss of cattle and destroyed the livelihoods of Africans.

Indentured Labour Migration from India:

During the 19th century, many people from India were hired to work in other countries under a contract known as indentured labor. These workers were mainly from certain regions of India and were sent to places such as the Caribbean, Mauritius, Fiji, and Assam. 

The working conditions for indentured laborers were often very harsh and similar to slavery. In Trinidad, a religious procession turned into a carnival where workers of different religions participated. This eventually led to the protest religion of Rastafarianism, which had links with Indian migrants in the Caribbean. In the early 1900s, Indian leaders opposed the system of indentured labor migration, and it was finally abolished in 1921.

Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad:

Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were among the groups of bankers and traders who provided financial support for export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia. They used their own funds or borrowed money from European banks to help peasants grow crops for the world market.

Indian Trade, Colonialism, and the Global System:

During the 19th century, India exported cotton to Europe. However, Britain started to impose taxes on imported cloth, leading to a decline in the import of Indian cotton. In contrast, British manufacturers began to sell their products in India, which helped Britain to balance its economic deficits. This made India an important player in the global economy of the late 19th century. The surplus trade that Britain had in India also helped to pay for expenses such as remittances sent home by British officials and traders, interest in India’s external debt, and pensions for British officials in India.

3. The Inter-War Economy

The First World War(1914-18)  affected the whole world. This period was marked by instability in both economic and political spheres and eventually led to another disastrous war.

Wartime Transformations:

The First World War fought between 1914 and 1918, was a global war involving the world’s leading industrial nations. The war was fought between two major alliances: the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. It saw the use of modern industrial technology, such as machine guns, tanks, aircraft, and chemical weapons, on a large scale, resulting in high casualties and destruction. The war also had a significant impact on the global economy, with Britain borrowing large sums of money from the US to finance its war efforts, transforming the US from a debtor to a creditor nation. The war had far-reaching consequences that shaped the course of the 20th century.

Post-War Recovery:

After the First World War, while many countries experienced economic recovery, Britain faced a prolonged crisis. During the war, industries had developed in India and Japan, which made it difficult for Britain to recapture its earlier position of dominance in the Indian market and to compete with Japan internationally.

Furthermore, Britain was burdened with huge external debts at the end of the war, which added to the economic challenges it faced. Anxiety and uncertainty about work also became an enduring part of the post-war scenario in Britain.

Overall, the post-war period was a challenging time for Britain, and it had to adapt to the changing economic landscape and new competitors in the global market.

Rise of Mass Production and Consumption:

In contrast to Britain, the US economy recovered quickly after the First World War and resumed its strong growth in the early 1920s. One of the important features of the US economy during this time was mass production, which began in the late nineteenth century. Henry Ford, a car manufacturer who established his car plant in Detroit, is a well-known pioneer of mass production. His Model T Ford was the world’s first mass-produced car, and Fordist industrial practices soon spread throughout the US and Europe in the 1920s.

The demand for consumer goods, such as refrigerators and washing machines, also boomed during this time and was financed once again by loans. In 1923, the US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender.

Overall, the US economy during the 1920s saw significant growth, driven by mass production and the booming demand for consumer goods, which had a ripple effect on the global economy.

The Great Depression:

The Great Depression, which lasted from around 1929 to the mid-1930s, resulted in catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes, and trade across most parts of the world, with agricultural regions and communities being hit the hardest. The depression was caused by a combination of factors, including agricultural overproduction and the reliance on loans from the US to finance investments. The withdrawal of US loans led to economic and financial instability globally, and the US banking system collapsed, leading to thousands of bankruptcies and increased unemployment. The Great Depression had far-reaching social and economic consequences, including changes in economic policy and the development of the welfare state, and it gave rise to Keynesian economics.

India and the Great Depression:

The depression had an immediate and severe impact on Indian trade, with agricultural prices falling sharply. However, despite this downturn, the colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands, exacerbating the situation. India’s economy was further strained during this time as it became an exporter of precious metals, particularly gold.

The depression had a significant impact on rural India, which was plagued with unrest during this period. It was at the height of the depression, in 1931, that Mahatma Gandhi launched the civil disobedience movement, which aimed to challenge the colonial government’s policies and practices.

Read More: The Inter-War Economy

4. Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-War Era

The Second World War, which began two decades after the end of the First World War, was fought between the Axis powers, mainly consisting of Nazi Germany, Japan, and Italy, and the Allies, comprising Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the US. The war was fought across various theaters of land, sea, and air and resulted in significant economic devastation and social disruption.

Post-war reconstruction was influenced by two crucial factors. Firstly, the US emerged as the dominant economic, political, and military power in the Western world, shaping the post-war economic and political landscape. Secondly, the dominance of the Soviet Union also played a significant role in shaping the post-war order, as it emerged as a superpower and championed communism as an alternative ideology to capitalism. These two factors set the stage for the geopolitical and economic order of the Cold War era.

Post-War Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions:

The inter-war economic experience led to the drawing of two key lessons. The first was that mass production could not be sustained without mass communication. The development of mass production in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries transformed the way goods were produced and consumed. However, it became clear that mass production could only be sustained by ensuring that the mass market was adequately informed and educated through mass communication.

The second lesson is drawn from the inter-war period related to a country’s economic links with the outside world. The Bretton Woods conference, held in 1944, established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to manage external surpluses and deficits of its member nations. The conference also created the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, popularly known as the World Bank, to finance post-war reconstruction. The IMF and the World Bank began their financial operations in 1947, with the aim of stabilizing international financial systems and promoting economic development in member nations.

The Early Post-War Years:

The 1st and 2nd World Wars had significant impacts on the global economy, with the first being the first modern industrial war and the second causing unprecedented economic devastation and social disruption. In the post-war era, two crucial influences shaped the global economy: 

1. The emergence of the US as the dominant economic and military power in the Western world.
2. The dominance of the Soviet Union. 

Two lessons were also drawn from the inter-war economic experience, which related to mass communication and a country’s economic links with the outside world. The Bretton Woods conference established international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT that facilitated global cooperation and economic development. As a result, there was an era of unprecedented growth of trade and incomes, characterized by technological advancements and entrepreneurship that spread worldwide.

Decolonisation and Independence:

After World War II, many parts of the world were still under European colonial rule, and the IMF and World Bank were initially designed to meet the financial needs of industrial countries. However, from the late 1950s, these institutions shifted their focus to developing countries. Despite the fast growth experienced by Western economies in the 1950s and 1960s, most developing countries were not able to benefit from this growth. They formed the Group of 77 (G-77) and demanded a new international economic order (NIEO) that would give them more control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access to developed countries markets for their manufactured goods.

End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of “Globalisation”:

Starting from the 1960s, the US faced a decline in its financial and competitive strength due to the increasing costs of its foreign engagements. The 1970s saw changes in the international financial system and the industrial world experienced a rise in unemployment. Low-wage Asian countries became destinations for production by MNCs and China became a popular choice for foreign investment. In recent times, the economic landscape of the world has undergone a significant transformation with rapid economic growth in countries like India, China, and Brazil.

Read More: Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-War Era

FAQs on The Making of Global World Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 3

Q1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ‘Globalization’?

Answer-

Advantages:

1. Increased trade: Globalization helps to increase trade between nations, which has expanded markets and allowed for greater access to goods and services.
2. Increased economic growth
3. Cultural exchange
4. Technological advances

Disadvantages:

1. Cultural homogenization:  Globalization has also caused cultures to become more similar, as Western ideas and ways of life are often encouraged and followed throughout the world.
2. Exploitation: Globalization has been criticized for allowing multinational corporations to exploit workers and resources in developing countries for their own profit.
3. Inequality: Globalization has made the gap between rich and poor bigger, both within countries and between them.

Q2. What are the different types of Globalization?

Answer-

The different types of Globalization are as follows:

1.  Economic globalization
2.  Political globalization
3.  Cultural globalization
4.  Environmental globalization

Q3. How has Globalization changed the World?

Answer-

Globalization has changed how we communicate, do business, travel and consume goods. It also impacts culture, politics, and the environment by spreading ideas, growing international organizations, and creating global environmental problems.

Q4. What causes Globalization?

Answer-

Globalization is caused by a variety of factors, including advances in transportation and communication technologies, increased trade liberalization, and the growth of multinational corporations.