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Check if a number is Prime, Semi-Prime or Composite for very large numbers

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Given a very large number N (> 150), the task is to check whether this number is Prime, Semi-Prime or Composite.
Example: 

Input: N = 90000000 
Output: Not Prime 
Explanation: 
we have (N-1)%6 = 89999999%6 = 1 and 
(N+1)%6 = 90000001%6 = 5 
Since n-1 and n+1 is not divisible by 6 
Therefore N = 90000000 is Not Prime
Input: N = 7894561 
Output: Semi-Prime 
Explanation: 
Here N = 7894561 = 71*111191 
Since 71 & 111191 are prime, therefore 7894561 is Semi Prime 
 

Approach: 

  • It can be observed that if n is a Prime Number then n+1 or n-1 will be divisible by 6
  • If a number n exists such that neither n+1 nor n-1 is divisible by 6 then n is not a prime number
  • If a number n exists such that either n+1 or n-1 is divisible by 6 then n is either a prime or a semiprime number
  • To differentiate between prime and semi-prime, the following method is used: 
    • If N is semi prime then,
N = p*q  ....................(1)
where p & q are primes.
p + q must be even
i.e, p + q = 2*n for any positive integer n
  • Therefore solving for p & q will give
p = n - sqrt(n2 - N)
q = n + sqrt(n2 - N)
  • Let n2 – N be perfect square, Then
n2 - N = m2, .................(2)
for any positive integer m 
  • Solving Equations (1) & (2) we get
m = (q-p)/2
n = (p+q)/2
  • Now if equation (1) & (2) meets at some point, then there exists a pair (p, q) such that the number N is semiprime otherwise N is prime.
  • Equation(2) forms Pythagorean Triplet 
     

  • The solution expected varies on the graph 
     

Pseudo code: 

  • Input a number N and if N – 1 and N + 1 is not divisible by 6 then the number N is Not Prime. else it is prime or semi-prime
  • If n-1 or n+1 is divisible by 6 then iterate in the range(sqrt(N) + 1, N) and find a pair (p, q) such that p*q = N by below formula:
p = i - sqrt(i*i - N)
q = n/p
where i = index in range(sqrt(N) + 1, N)
  • If p*q = N then the number N is semi prime, else it is prime

Below is the implementation of the above approach: 
 

Java




import static java.lang.Math.sqrt;
 
public class Primmefunc {
 
    public static void prime(long n)
    {
        int flag = 0;
 
        // checking divisibility by 6
        if ((n + 1) % 6 != 0 && (n - 1) % 6 != 0) {
            System.out.println("Not Prime");
        }
        else {
 
            // breakout if number is perfect square
            double s = sqrt(n);
            if ((s * s) == n) {
                System.out.println("Semi-Prime");
            }
            else {
                long f = (long)s;
                long l = (long)((f * f));
 
                // Iterating over to get the
                // closest average value
                for (long i = f + 1; i < l; i++) {
 
                    // 1st Factor
                    long p = i - (long)(sqrt((i * i) - (n)));
 
                    // 2nd Factor
                    long q = n / p;
 
                    // To avoid Convergence
                    if (p < 2 || q < 2) {
                        break;
                    }
 
                    // checking semi-prime condition
                    if ((p * q) == n) {
                        flag = 1;
                        break;
                    }
 
                    // If convergence found
                    // then number is semi-prime
                    else {
 
                        // convergence not found
                        // then number is prime
                        flag = 2;
                    }
                }
 
                if (flag == 1) {
                    System.out.println("Semi-Prime");
                }
                else if (flag == 2) {
 
                    System.out.println("Prime");
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Driver code
        // Entered number should be greater
        // than 300 to avoid Convergence of
        // second factor to 1
        prime(8179);
        prime(7894561);
        prime(90000000);
        prime(841);
        prime(22553);
        prime(1187);
    }
//written by Rushil Jhaveri
}


CPP




#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std ;
 
void prime(long n)
{
    int flag = 0;
 
    // checking divisibility by 6
    if ((n + 1) % 6 != 0 && (n - 1) % 6 != 0)
    {
        cout << ("Not Prime") << endl;
    }
    else
    {
 
        // breakout if number is perfect square
        double s = sqrt(n);
        if ((s * s) == n)
        {
            cout<<("Semi-Prime")<<endl;
        }
        else
        {
            long f = (long)s;
            long l = (long)((f * f));
 
            // Iterating over to get the
            // closest average value
            for (long i = f + 1; i < l; i++)
            {
 
                // 1st Factor
                long p = i - (long)(sqrt((i * i) - (n)));
 
                // 2nd Factor
                long q = n / p;
 
                // To avoid Convergence
                if (p < 2 || q < 2)
                {
                    break;
                }
 
                // checking semi-prime condition
                if ((p * q) == n)
                {
                    flag = 1;
                    break;
                }
 
                // If convergence found
                // then number is semi-prime
                else
                {
 
                    // convergence not found
                    // then number is prime
                    flag = 2;
                }
            }
 
            if (flag == 1)
            {
                cout<<("Semi-Prime")<<endl;
            }
            else if (flag == 2)
            {
 
                cout<<("Prime")<<endl;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
     
    // Entered number should be greater
    // than 300 to avoid Convergence of
    // second factor to 1
    prime(8179);
    prime(7894561);
    prime(90000000);
    prime(841);
    prime(22553);
    prime(1187);
}
 
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji


Python3




def prime(n):
    flag = 0;
 
    # checking divisibility by 6
    if ((n + 1) % 6 != 0 and (n - 1) % 6 != 0):
        print("Not Prime");
    else:
 
        # breakout if number is perfect square
        s = pow(n, 1/2);
        if ((s * s) == n):
            print("Semi-Prime");
        else:
            f = int(s);
            l = int(f * f);
 
            # Iterating over to get the
            # closest average value
            for i in range(f + 1, l):
 
                # 1st Factor
                p = i - (pow(((i * i) - (n)), 1/2));
 
                # 2nd Factor
                q = n // p;
 
                # To avoid Convergence
                if (p < 2 or q < 2):
                    break;
                 
                # checking semi-prime condition
                if ((p * q) == n):
                    flag = 1;
                    break;
                 
                # If convergence found
                # then number is semi-prime
                else:
 
                    # convergence not found
                    # then number is prime
                    flag = 2;
                 
            if (flag == 1):
                print("Semi-Prime");
            elif(flag == 2):
 
                print("Prime");
             
# Driver code
if __name__ == '__main__':
 
    # Entered number should be greater
    # than 300 to avoid Convergence of
    # second factor to 1
    prime(8179);
    prime(7894561);
    prime(90000000);
    prime(841);
    prime(22553);
    prime(1187);
 
# This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar


C#




using System;
public class Primmefunc
{
 
    public static void prime(long n)
    {
        int flag = 0;
 
        // checking divisibility by 6
        if ((n + 1) % 6 != 0 && (n - 1) % 6 != 0)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Not Prime");
        }
        else
        {
 
            // breakout if number is perfect square
            double s = Math.Sqrt(n);
            if ((s * s) == n)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Semi-Prime");
            }
            else
            {
                long f = (long)s;
                long l = (long)((f * f));
 
                // Iterating over to get the
                // closest average value
                for (long i = f + 1; i < l; i++)
                {
 
                    // 1st Factor
                    long p = i - (long)(Math.Sqrt((i * i) - (n)));
 
                    // 2nd Factor
                    long q = n / p;
 
                    // To avoid Convergence
                    if (p < 2 || q < 2)
                    {
                        break;
                    }
 
                    // checking semi-prime condition
                    if ((p * q) == n)
                    {
                        flag = 1;
                        break;
                    }
 
                    // If convergence found
                    // then number is semi-prime
                    else
                    {
 
                        // convergence not found
                        // then number is prime
                        flag = 2;
                    }
                }
 
                if (flag == 1)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Semi-Prime");
                }
                else if (flag == 2)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Prime");
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        // Entered number should be greater
        // than 300 to avoid Convergence of
        // second factor to 1
        prime(8179);
        prime(7894561);
        prime(90000000);
        prime(841);
        prime(22553);
        prime(1187);
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar


Javascript




<script>
 
    function prime(n)
    {
        var flag = 0;
 
        // checking divisibility by 6
        if ((n + 1) % 6 != 0 && (n - 1) % 6 != 0) {
            document.write("Not Prime<br>");
        }
        else {
 
            // breakout if number is perfect square
            var s = parseInt(Math.sqrt(n));
            if ((s * s) == n) {
                document.write("Semi-Prime<br>");
            }
            else {
                var f = s;
                var l = ((f * f));
 
                // Iterating over to get the
                // closest average value
                for (var i = f + 1; i < l; i++) {
 
                    // 1st Factor
                    var p = i - parseInt(Math.sqrt((i * i) - (n)));
 
                    // 2nd Factor
                    var q = parseInt(n / p);
 
                    // To avoid Convergence
                    if (p < 2 || q < 2) {
                        break;
                    }
 
                    // checking semi-prime condition
                    if ((p * q) == n) {
                        flag = 1;
                        break;
                    }
 
                    // If convergence found
                    // then number is semi-prime
                    else {
 
                        // convergence not found
                        // then number is prime
                        flag = 2;
                    }
                }
 
                if (flag == 1) {
                    document.write("Semi-Prime<br>");
                }
                else if (flag == 2) {
 
                    document.write("Prime<br>");
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
// Driver code
        // Entered number should be greater
        // than 300 to avoid Convergence of
        // second factor to 1
        prime(8179);
        prime(7894561);
        prime(90000000);
        prime(841);
        prime(22553);
        prime(1187);
 
// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar
</script>


Output: 

Prime
Semi-Prime
Not Prime
Semi-Prime
Semi-Prime
Prime

 

Time Complexity: O(N) 
Auxiliary space: O(1) 



Last Updated : 22 Sep, 2022
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