chdir() in C language with Examples

The chdir command is a system function (system call) which is used to change the current working directory. On some systems, this command is used as an alias for the shell command cd. chdir changes the current working directory of the calling process to the directory specified in path.

Syntax:

int chdir(const char *path);

Parameter: Here, the path is the Directory path which the user want to make the current working directory.

Return Value: This command returns zero (0) on success. -1 is returned on an error and errno is set appropriately.

Note: It is declared in unistd.h.

Example 1:

#include<stdio.h> 
  
// chdir function is declared 
// inside this header 
#include<unistd.h>  
int main() 
{    
    char s[100]; 
  
    // printing current working directory 
    printf("%s\n", getcwd(s, 100)); 
  
    // using the command 
    chdir(".."); 
  
    // printing current working directory 
    printf("%s\n", getcwd(s, 100)); 
  
    // after chdir is executed 
    return 0; 
} 

Output:

Note:The above program changes the working directory of a process. But, it doesn’t change the working directory of current shell. Because when the program is executed in the shell, the shell follows fork on exec mechanism. So, it doesn’t affect the current shell.

Example 2:

#include <unistd.h> 
#include <stdio.h> 
  
// Main Method 
int main() { 
  
  // changing the current  
  // working directory(cwd) 
  // to /usr 
  if (chdir("/usr") != 0)  
    perror("chdir() to /usr failed"); 
  
  // changing the cwd to /tmp 
  if (chdir("/tmp") != 0)  
    perror("chdir() to /temp failed"); 
  
  // there is no /error  
  // directory in my pc 
  if (chdir("/error") != 0)  
  
    // so chdir will return -1  
    perror("chdir() to /error failed");   
  
  return 0; 
} 

Output:

Errors: There can be errors which can be returned. These depend on the filesystem.

EACCES: If the search permission is denied for one of the components of path.
EFAULT: If the path points lie outside the accessible address space.
EIO: If there is an I/O error occurred.
ELOOP: If there are too many symbolic links were encountered in the resolving path.
ENAMETOOLONG: If the path is too long.
ENOENT: If the file does not exist.
ENOMEM: If there is insufficient kernel memory is available.
ENOTDIR: If the component of path is not a directory.

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