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The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 History Notes Chapter 4

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In The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Notes, we will be studying the development and collapse of Great Britain, the very first economic nation, as well as India, where the rule of colonizers impacted the sequence of industrial growth. This chapter, Chapter 4 of CBSE Class 10 (The Age of Industrialization), covers what happened before the industrial revolution, the early days of human labor and the steam engine, colonial industrialization, and a few other important subjects. These subjects will help you understand the origins of the structure of industrial development, as well as the causes of the circumstances brought about by colonial control.

These Age of Industrialisation Class 10 History Notes will assist individuals in preparing for the board exam. By comprehending and going over the notes, students will gain a solid understanding of the main topics. Visit CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes to access complete notes on Social Science, including Geography, History, Political Science, and Economics.

Age of Industrialisation Class 10 Notes

The Age of Industrialisation 

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 History Notes Chapter 4 – Social Science 

These Notes of CBSE Class 10 History are given Chapter-wise. However, Students can also visit CBSE History Notes for Class 10 where all the chapters can be accessed. These Notes are sufficient for students to be well-prepared for the exams.

Before the Industrial Revolution

There had been massive amounts of industrial output for a foreign market before factories started to mark the countryside in England and Europe. This was not a factory-based system. The term industrialization refers to the manufacturing of products in factories using machinery. Several historians now describe this period of manufacturing as “proto-industrialization.” The term ‘proto’ refers to the first or earliest version of a certain thing. 

The growth of global commerce and the acquisition of colonies in various areas of the world resulted in greater demand for commodities. During the 17th and 18th decades, many cultivators and craftsmen in province areas enthusiastically consented so that they could stay in the province and cultivate their tiny plots of land. As a result, the Proto-industrial arrangement was part of an interconnected system of primitive-controlled trade agreements. A strong connection evolved between the city and the countryside inside this structure. 

Read More: Before the Industrial Revolution

The Coming Up of the Factory:

Through the year 1730, the first mills in England had been established. However, the diversity of industries increased dramatically in the eighteenth decade. Cotton became the very first indicator of the new period, and its output soared in the late nineteenth century. The cotton machine was invented by Richard Arkwright. Cloth manufacturing was distributed throughout the countryside as it was common within village homes. New expensive machinery might now be purchased, installed, and maintained in the factory. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, factories became a growing aspect of the English environment.

The coming up of the factory

The Coming Up of The Factory

Read More: The Coming Up of the Factory

The Pace of Industrial Change:

Cotton and metals were two of the most active sectors in Britain. Steel and iron usage grew quickly with the growth of railroads in England beginning in the 1840s and in the territories beginning in the 1860s. Traditional companies could not be readily displaced by emerging industries. Textile was an active sector, but a significant part of its product was made elsewhere than in factories, and residential units. Common and minor advances drove growth in many simple-mechanized industries. Technological advancements happened gradually. New technology was costly, and retailers and manufacturers were hesitant to use it. James Watt improved on Newcomen’s steam engine and copyrighted the new engine in 1781. The redesigned model was created by his industrialist buddy Matthew Boulton. 

Read More: Pace of Industrial Change

Hand Labor and Steam Power

In an attempt at employment, poor laborers and the homeless moved to towns in great numbers. As a result, manufacturers faced no labor shortages or expensive wages. Labor was in short supply in many sectors. In all such sectors where output varied with the seasons, manufacturers typically preferred hand labor, hiring employees for each season. In mid-nineteenth-century Britain, for example, existed over 500 different types of tools and 45 different types of axes. These needed human ability rather than machine technology. People in Victorian Britain favored handcrafted items. In nations where labor is scarce, industrialists have focused on using mechanical force to reduce the demand for human labor.

Life of the Workers:

Workers’ livelihoods were impacted by the market’s excess labor. The real prospect of finding employment was dependent on the current relationships with friends and family. Seasonal variation in employment in many sectors meant extended times of unemployment. Income began to rise at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Workers were opposed to the arrival of technological advances because they were afraid of losing their jobs. In the woolen business, the Spinning Jenny was developed. After the 1840s, urban construction activity increased, creating more job possibilities. The number of employees in the transportation business multiplied in the 1840s and then multiplied once again in the next 30 years because of advancements in infrastructure roads widening new rail stations, rail lines expanded, tunnels dug and drainage improved.

Industrialization in the Colonies

Let us now travel to India to observe how a community industrializes, this time focusing on non-factory industries as well as factory industries.

The Age of Indian Textiles:

Previous to the era of mechanical sectors, Indian silk and cotton products controlled the international clothing market. A wide range of Indian dealers and financiers were engaged in the global export trade system. They made payments to weavers, purchased handmade fabric from weaving communities, and transported it to the ports. By the 1750s, this system, which was dominated by Indian traders, was crumbling. Trade from the ports dropped precipitously, credit that had previously funded early commerce started to dry up, and local lenders gradually went insolvent. Surat and Hooghly declined, while Bombay and Calcutta expanded. This transition from ancient to new ports reflected the expansion of colonial authority.

What Happened to Weavers?:

After the 1760s, the establishment of East India Company dominance did not result in a decrease in Indian cloth shipments. The cotton factories in the United Kingdom had not yet grown, and Indian fine fabrics were in high demand in Europe. In the market for woven fabric, the French, Dutch, Portuguese, and native merchants battled. After gaining political power, the East India Company devised a leadership and control system that would remove conflict, control costs, and guarantee consistent quantities of cotton and silk products. This was accomplished through a succession of processes. 

  1. The company had attempted to get rid of the current dealers and brokers. It assigned a salaried servant known as the gomastha to oversee weavers, gather provisions, and inspect fabric quality.
  2. It made it impossible for the company’s weavers to interact with other customers. Those who took out debts had to give the gomastha the fabric they made.

Weavers were pleased with payments as loans came in and customer demand for fine fabrics increased, expecting to make more. Weaving needed the participation of the complete household, with kids and females participating at various levels of the process. The newly arrived gomasthas were outcasts who had no long-term societal ties to the community. They were haughty, marching into communities with sepoys and peons, and punishing weavers for supply delays. Weavers abandoned communities and moved, setting up machines in villages elsewhere where they had family ties. Many weavers started to refuse debts, close their workshops, and turn to agricultural labor over time.

Manchester Comes to India

In 1772, Henry Patullo, a business executive, boldly predicted that consumer appetite for Indian textiles would never decline. However, by the early nineteenth century, we observe the commencement of a lengthy fall in Indian textile shipments. Cotton producers in India thus confronted two issues at once: 

  1. Their foreign market had fallen, and
  2. Their marketplace had shrunk due to Manchester’s imports.

Weavers confronted a fresh challenge by the 1860s. They were unable to obtain an adequate quantity of high-quality raw cotton. When the Civil War in America broke out and the country’s cotton sources were cut off, Britain looked to India. Weavers in India suffered the loss of sources and were compelled to pay exorbitant rates for raw cotton. Weaving was unable to pay in this circumstance. Then, by the close of the nineteenth century, artisans and other workers confronted a new challenge. India’s factories started output, overloading the market with mechanical goods.

Read More: Industrialization in the Colonies

Factories Come Up

The first cotton factory in Bombay was established in 1854, and it began manufacturing two years later. By 1862, four mills with 94,000 threads and 2,150 weavers were in operation. Jute factories appeared in Bengal around the same period, the first in 1855 and the second seven years later, in 1862. In north India, the Elgin Mill opened in Kanpur in the 1860s, and Ahmedabad’s first cotton mill opened a year later. Madras’ first spinning and weaving factory started operations in 1874.

The Early Entrepreneurs

Many corporate organizations can trace their roots again to trade with the Chinese. Many Indians rose through the ranks of the trade, supplying money, acquiring equipment, and shipping deliveries. Some of the merchants engaged in these industries envisioned the development of industrial companies in India. Dwarkanath Tagore earned his wealth in the China commerce in Bengal. Parsis such as Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata created massive industrial enterprises in India in Bombay. A Marwari merchant named Seth Hukumchand established the first Indian jute factory in Calcutta. Opportunities for investment in businesses arose, and many of them established plants. 

However, due to colonial authority, Indians were prohibited from dealing in manufactured products with Europe and were forced to ship mostly unprocessed goods and food grains – raw cotton, opium, wheat, and indigo – as needed by the British. Bird Heigles & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. are three of the largest European Managing Agencies, having mobilized money, established joint-stock firms, and administered them.

Where did the Workers come from?

Factories required labor. This desire is increasing as companies expand. Workers arrived from the surrounding towns in most industrial areas. Millworkers frequently commuted between the village and the city, going back to their village houses for harvests and celebrations. As employment information develop, employees went long distances for the chance of finding work in factories. Even as the number of mills grew and the requirement for workers climbed, finding employment was always challenging. The factories’ access was also limited. Over time, the total number of factory employees grew. They were, however, a tiny proportion of the overall industrial workers, as you will see.

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth

Certain goods piqued the attention of European Managing Agencies, which controlled industrial output in India. The majority of these items are needed mainly for export commerce and will not be sold in India. When Indian merchants started establishing factories in the later nineteenth century, they stopped dealing in the Indian market with Manchester products. Indian spinning factories made yarn that had been utilized by loom weavers in India or shipped to China. Several shifts impacted the structure of industrialization by the beginning decade of the twentieth century.

As the movement known as Swadeshi gained traction, patriots encouraged people to avoid foreign clothing. In India, manufacturers started to move from yarn to cloth manufacturing. Industrial development was slow until the conclusion of World War I. The conflict altered the situation, and Indian mills took benefit of it. They had a large market to furnish war necessities such as jute sacks, fabric for army outfits, tents and leather footwear, horse and mule saddles, and a variety of other goods. New manufacturing facilities were built, and existing ones operated numerous shifts. Manchester was never able to reclaim its former place in the market for Indian goods after the war.

Small-scale Industries Predominate

While factory sectors expanded significantly after the war, they constituted only a tiny portion of the economy. Registered companies employed only a tiny percentage of the overall industrial labor force. In the twentieth century, the output of handicrafts increased. Handloom textile manufacturing grew in the twentieth century. It occurred as a result of technological changes, as they began to implement new technology, which enabled them to increase output without excessively raising costs. Some weavers wove coarse fabric, whereas others wove finer types. Mills were unable to replicate specialized patterns. Weavers and other artisans who continued to increase output throughout the twentieth century did not always succeed. Frequently, the entire family, including all of the women and children, was required to labor at different levels of the manufacturing process. 

Markets for Goods

Advertisements are one method of attracting new customers. Advertisements have played a role in extending product marketplaces and forming an emerging customer culture since the dawn of the industrial era. Manchester businessmen applied labels to fabric packages to indicate their grades. Buyers were supposed to feel secure about purchasing the fabric if they saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ printed in vibrant on the label. 

These labels frequently featured illustrations of Indian goddesses and gods. Figures of significant people, such as emperors and widely recognized graced advertisements and calendars, much like pictures of saints. The subtext frequently seemed to say: If you regard the regal figure, you must respect this product; when the product was used by kings or manufactured under royal leadership, its excellence could not be questioned.

Read More: Market for Goods

Conclusion

The industrial era has resulted in significant technical changes, the growth of companies, and the formation of an innovative industrial labor force. Hand technique and small-scale manufacturing, on the other hand, remained an essential components of the industrial environment, as you can see. We have seen how British manufacturers attempted to take over the Indian market, as well as how Indian makers and artisans, merchants, and businessmen resisted colonial controls, demanded protection from tariffs, created their areas, and attempted, to expand the market to their generate.

FAQs on CBSE Class 10 History Notes Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation

Q1: What is the short note of the age of industrialization?

Answer:

The era of industrialization in Europe marked the beginning of a transformation. Factories sprang up rapidly, resulting in large-scale manufacturing of goods, which paved the way for global commerce. This process was hastened by new ideas and technological innovation. European countries extended their colonies, and development made its way there as well. It later made its way to India.

Q2: What are the main points of the age of industrialization?

Answer:

 Some of the major points of the Age of Industrialization are as follows:

  1. Before the Industrial Revolution
  2. Hand Labor and Steam Power
  3. Industrialization in the Colonies
  4. Factories Come Up
  5. The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
  6. Markets for goods 

Q3: What is Industrial Revolution?

Answer:

The Industrial Revolution transformed farmland and handcraft economies into economies that are built on large-scale industry, mechanized production, and the manufacturing setup. Existing sectors became more productive and effective as new machines, electricity sources, and work organization methods were introduced.



Last Updated : 03 May, 2023
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