toupper() function in R Language is used to convert the lowercase letters to uppercase.
Syntax: toupper(x)
Parameters:
x: character vector
Example:
# R program to illustrate # uppercase of vectors # Create example character string x <- "GeeksforGeeks" toupper(x) print(x) |
Output:
GEEKSFORGEEKS
Here in the above code we have converted a example vector of characters to uppercase characters.
tolower() Function
tolower() function is used to convert the uppercase letters to lowercase.
Syntax: tolower(x)
Parameters:
x: character vector
Example:
# R program to illustrate # uppercase of vectors # Create example character string x <- "GeeksforGeeks" tolower(x) print(x) |
Output:
geeksforgeeks
casefold() Function
casefold() function takes character vector and boolean value as argument. This boolean value decides the conversion to upper and lower case.
Syntax: casefold(x, upper)
Parameters:
x: Character Vector
upper: Boolean value for case conversion
Example 1:
# Create example character string x <- "GeeksforGeeks" # Convert to lower case letters x <- casefold(x, upper = FALSE) print(x) |
Output:
"geeksforgeeks"
Here in the above code, the boolean value for the upper is set to be FALSE to convert the character vector to lowercase.
Example 2:
# Create example character string x <- "GeeksforGeeks" # Convert to upper case letters casefold(x, upper = TRUE) print(x) |
Output:
"GEEKSFORGEEKS"
Here in the above code, the boolean value for the upper is set to be TRUE to convert the character vector to Uppercase.
cartr() Function
cartr() function is used when we have to make some characters to upper case and some to lower case.
Syntax: cartr(x, old, new)
Parameters:
x: character vector
old: a character string specifying the characters to be translated.
new: a character string specifying the translations
Example:
# Create example character string x <- "GeeksforGeeks" # Translate to upper and lower case chartr(old = "Geeks", new = "GeEkS", x) |
Output:
"GeEkSforGeeks"
