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Binary Search using pthread

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Binary search is a popular method of searching in a sorted array or list. It simply divides the list into two halves and discards the half which has zero probability of having the key. On dividing, we check the midpoint for the key and use the lower half if the key is less than the midpoint and the upper half if the key is greater than the midpoint. Binary search has a time complexity of O(log(n)). Binary search can also be implemented using multi-threading where we utilize the cores of the processor by providing each thread a portion of the list to search for the key. The number of threads depends upon the number of cores your processor has and it’s better to create one thread for each core. Examples:

Input :  list = 1, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 64, 110, 220
key = 7
Output : 7 found in list

Input : list = 1, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 64, 110, 220
key = 111
Output : 111 not found in list

Note – It is advised to execute the program in Linux based system. Compile in Linux using the following code:

g++ -pthread program_name.cpp

CPP




// CPP Program to perform binary search using pthreads
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// size of array
#define MAX 16
 
// maximum number of threads
#define MAX_THREAD 4
 
// array to be searched
int a[] = { 1,  5,  7,  10, 12, 14, 15,  18,
            20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 64, 110, 220 };
 
// key that needs to be searched
int key = 110;
bool found = false;
int part = 0;
 
void* binary_search(void* arg)
{
 
    // Each thread checks 1/4 of the array for the key
    int thread_part = part++;
    int mid;
 
    int low = thread_part * (MAX / 4);
    int high = (thread_part + 1) * (MAX / 4);
 
    // search for the key until low < high
    // or key is found in any portion of array
    while (low < high && !found) {
 
        // normal iterative binary search algorithm
        mid = (high - low) / 2 + low;
 
        if (a[mid] == key) {
            found = true;
            break;
        }
 
        else if (a[mid] > key)
            high = mid - 1;
        else
            low = mid + 1;
    }
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    pthread_t threads[MAX_THREAD];
 
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREAD; i++)
        pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, binary_search,
                       (void*)NULL);
 
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREAD; i++)
        pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
 
    // key found in array
    if (found)
        cout << key << " found in array" << endl;
 
    // key not found in array
    else
        cout << key << " not found in array" << endl;
 
    return 0;
}


Java




import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
public class Program {
    // Size of array
    static final int MAX = 16;
    // Maximum number of threads
    static final int MAX_THREAD = 4;
    // Initial array
    static int[] arr = { 15710, 12, 14, 1518,
                         20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 64, 110, 220 };
    // Key that needs to be searched
    static int key = 110;
    static boolean found = false;
    static AtomicInteger part = new AtomicInteger(0);
    // Function to perform Binary Search
    static void binarySearch()
    {
        int thread_part = part.getAndIncrement();
         
        // Each thread checks 1/4 of the array for the key
        int low = thread_part * (MAX / 4);
        int high = (thread_part + 1) * (MAX / 4);
        while (low < high && !found) {
            // Normal iterative binary search algorithm
            int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;
            if (arr[mid] == key) {
                found = true;
                break;
            }
            else if (arr[mid] > key) {
                high = mid - 1;
            }
            else {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
        }
    }
    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        Thread[] thread = new Thread[MAX_THREAD];
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREAD; i++) {
            thread[i]
                = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                    public void run() {
                        binarySearch();
                    }
                });
            thread[i].start();
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREAD; i++) {
            try {
                thread[i].join();
            }
            catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        if (found) {
            System.out.printf("%d found in array\n", key);
        }
        else {
            System.out.printf("%d not found in array\n",key);
        }
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by shivhack999


Python3




# Python3 Program to find sum of array
# using multi-threading
from threading import Thread
 
# Size of array
MAX = 16
# Maximum number of threads
MAX_THREAD = 4
 
# Initial array
arr = [1, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18,
       20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 64, 110, 220]
 
# Key that needs to be searched
key = 110
found = False
part = 0
 
# Function to perform Binary Search
 
 
def binary_search():
    global part, found
    thread_part = part
    part += 1
 
    # Each thread checks 1/4 of the array for the key
    low = int(thread_part*(MAX/4))
    high = int((thread_part+1)*(MAX/4))
    # search for the key until low < high
    # or key is found in any portion of array
    while (low < high and not found):
        # normal iterative binary search algorithm
        mid = int(low + (high-low)/2)
        if arr[mid] == key:
            found = True
            break
        elif arr[mid] > key:
            high = mid - 1
        else:
            low = mid + 1
 
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__":
        # Creating list of size MAX_THREAD
    thread = list(range(MAX_THREAD))
    # Creating MAX_THEAD number of threads
    for i in range(MAX_THREAD):
        thread[i] = Thread(target=binary_search)
        thread[i].start()
 
    # Waiting for all threads to finish
    for i in range(MAX_THREAD):
        thread[i].join()
 
    # Key found in array
    if found:
        print("%d found in array" % key)
    else:
        print("%d not found in array" % key)


C#




using System;
using System.Threading;
 
public class Program {
    // Size of array
    const int MAX = 16;
    // Maximum number of threads
    const int MAX_THREAD = 4;
    // Initial array
    static int[] arr = { 1,  5,  7,  10, 12, 14, 15,  18,
                         20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 64, 110, 220 };
    // Key that needs to be searched
    static int key = 110;
    static bool found = false;
    static int part = 0;
 
    // Function to perform Binary Search
    static void BinarySearch()
    {
        int thread_part
            = Interlocked.Increment(ref part) - 1;
 
        // Each thread checks 1/4 of the array for the key
        int low = thread_part * (MAX / 4);
        int high = (thread_part + 1) * (MAX / 4);
 
        // Search for the key until low < high
        // or key is found in any portion of array
        while (low < high && !found) {
            // Normal iterative binary search algorithm
            int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;
            if (arr[mid] == key) {
                found = true;
                break;
            }
            else if (arr[mid] > key) {
                high = mid - 1;
            }
            else {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    static void Main()
    {
        // Creating array of size MAX_THREAD
        Thread[] thread = new Thread[MAX_THREAD];
        // Creating MAX_THREAD number of threads
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREAD; i++) {
            thread[i]
                = new Thread(new ThreadStart(BinarySearch));
            thread[i].Start();
        }
 
        // Waiting for all threads to finish
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_THREAD; i++) {
            thread[i].Join();
        }
 
        // Key found in array
        if (found) {
            Console.WriteLine("{0} found in array", key);
        }
        else {
            Console.WriteLine("{0} not found in array",
                              key);
        }
    }
}
// This code is contributed by shiv1o43g


Javascript




// Size of array
const MAX = 16;
// Maximum number of threads
const MAX_THREAD = 4;
 
// Initial array
const arr = [1, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18,
    20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 64, 110, 220];
 
// Key that needs to be searched
const key = 110;
let found = false;
let part = 0;
 
// Function to perform Binary Search
function binarySearch() {
    const threadPart = part;
    part += 1;
 
    // Each thread checks 1/4 of the array for the key
    let low = Math.floor(threadPart * (MAX / 4));
    let high = Math.floor((threadPart + 1) * (MAX / 4));
 
    // Search for the key until low < high
    // or key is found in any portion of the array
    while (low < high && !found) {
        // Normal iterative binary search algorithm
        const mid = Math.floor(low + (high - low) / 2);
        if (arr[mid] === key) {
            found = true;
            break;
        } else if (arr[mid] > key) {
            high = mid - 1;
        } else {
            low = mid + 1;
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver Code
// Creating MAX_THREAD number of threads
const threads = new Array(MAX_THREAD).fill(null).map(() => {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
        binarySearch();
        resolve();
    });
});
 
// Waiting for all threads to finish
Promise.all(threads).then(() => {
    // Key found in array
    if (found) {
        console.log(`${key} found in array`);
    } else {
        console.log(`${key} not found in array`);
    }
});


Output

110 found in array

Time complexity: O(log(n))

Space complexity: O(1)



Last Updated : 27 Dec, 2023
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