Binary Search on Singly Linked List

Given a singly linked list and a key, find key using binary search approach.
To perform a Binary search based on Divide and Conquer Algorithm, determination of the middle element is important. Binary Search is usually fast and efficient for arrays because accessing the middle index between two given indices is easy and fast(Time Complexity O(1)). But memory allocation for the singly linked list is dynamic and non-contiguous, which makes finding the middle element difficult. One approach could be of using skip list, one could be traversing the linked list using one pointer.

Prerequisite : Finding middle of a linked list.

Note: The approach and implementation provided below are to show how Binary Search can be implemented on a linked list. The implementation takes O(n) time.

Approach :

Here, start node(set to Head of list), and the last node(set to NULL initially) are given.
Middle is calculated using two pointers approach.
If middle’s data matches the required value of search, return it.
Else if middle’s data < value, move to upper half(setting start to middle's next).
Else go to lower half(setting last to middle).
The condition to come out is, either element found or entire list is traversed. When entire list is traversed, last points to start i.e. last -> next == start.

In main function, function InsertAtHead inserts value at the beginning of linked list. Inserting such values(for sake of simplicity) so that the list created is sorted.

Examples :

Input : Enter value to search : 7
Output : Found

Input : Enter value to search : 12
Output : Not Found

// CPP code to implement binary search 
// on Singly Linked List 
#include<stdio.h> 
#include<stdlib.h> 
  
struct Node 
{ 
    int data; 
    struct Node* next; 
}; 
  
Node *newNode(int x) 
{ 
    struct Node* temp = new Node; 
    temp->data = x; 
    temp->next = NULL; 
    return temp; 
} 
  
// function to find out middle element 
struct Node* middle(Node* start, Node* last) 
{ 
    if (start == NULL) 
        return NULL; 
  
    struct Node* slow = start; 
    struct Node* fast = start -> next; 
  
    while (fast != last) 
    { 
        fast = fast -> next; 
        if (fast != last) 
        { 
            slow = slow -> next; 
            fast = fast -> next; 
        } 
    } 
  
    return slow; 
} 
  
// Function for implementing the Binary 
// Search on linked list 
struct Node* binarySearch(Node *head, int value) 
{ 
    struct Node* start = head; 
    struct Node* last = NULL; 
  
    do
    { 
        // Find middle 
        Node* mid = middle(start, last); 
  
        // If middle is empty 
        if (mid == NULL) 
            return NULL; 
  
        // If value is present at middle 
        if (mid -> data == value) 
            return mid; 
  
        // If value is more than mid 
        else if (mid -> data < value) 
            start = mid -> next; 
  
        // If the value is less than mid. 
        else
            last = mid; 
  
    } while (last == NULL || 
             last -> next != start); 
  
    // value not present 
    return NULL; 
} 
  
// Driver Code 
int main() 
{ 
    Node *head = newNode(1); 
    head->next = newNode(4); 
    head->next->next = newNode(7); 
    head->next->next->next = newNode(8); 
    head->next->next->next->next = newNode(9); 
    head->next->next->next->next->next = newNode(10); 
    int value = 7; 
    if (binarySearch(head, value) == NULL) 
        printf("Value not present\n"); 
    else
        printf("Present"); 
    return 0; 
} 

Output:

Present

Time Complexity : O(n)

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