25 Basic Linux Commands For Beginners

While performing a task, we all need shortcuts. Shortcuts help us to complete a task quickly. Linux comes with such commands which are one to two words, using that commands, you can perform several operations in no time. As a beginner, you must be aware of those basic Linux commands to complete an operation in a short time in the Linux-based operating system.

In this article, you’ll be going through some of the basic Linux commands which beginners can use to complete their tasks very quickly. Let’s go through each, but before that have a short idea on Linux.

What is Linux?

Linux is a free and open-source software that operates on its own operating system. The term ‘Linux’ stands for GNU + Linux. Initially developed by Linus Torvalds, it was created alongside the source code of Unix. While Linux is extensively utilized for various purposes, its applications are well-known to many.

Use of Linux Commands

Linux commands are a type of Unix command or shell procedure. They are the basic tools used to interact with Linux on an individual level. Linux commands are used to perform a variety of tasks, including displaying information about files and directories.

Linux operating system is used on servers, desktops, and maybe even your smartphone. It has a lot of command line tools that can be used for virtually everything on the system.

All users should be familiar with most of these commands as they are required for most operating system tasks and computer programming.

Here we have put all Basic Linux Commands that every Linux user (as a beginner) should know. These are not all that you should know, but these are the basic and most commonly used commands.

Basic Linux Terminal Commands
Linux Commands	Functions
	Displays information about files in the current directory.
	Displays the current working directory.
	Creates a directory.
	To navigate between different folders.
	Removes empty directories from the directory lists.
	Moves files from one directory to another.
	Rename and Replace the files
	Delete files
	Command to get basic information about the OS
	Find a file in the database.
	Create empty files
	Create shortcuts to other files
	Display file contents on terminal
	Clear terminal
	Display the processes in terminal
	Access manual for all Linux commands
	Search for a specific string in an output
	Display active processes on the terminal
	download files from the internet.
	Create or update passwords for existing users
	sort the file content
	View Calendar in terminal
	View the exact location of any command typed after this command
	Check the details of the file system
	Check the lines, word count, and characters in a file using different options

25 Most-Commonly Used Linux Commands

1. Is command in Linux

The ls command is commonly used to identify the files and directories in the working directory. This command is one of the many often-used Linux commands that you should know.

This command can be used by itself without any arguments and it will provide us the output with all the details about the files and the directories in the current working directory. There is a lot of flexibility offered by this command in terms of displaying data in the output. Check the below image for the output.

2. pwd command in Linux

The pwd command is mostly used to print the current working directory on your terminal. It is also one of the most commonly used commands. 

Now, your terminal prompt should usually include the entire directory. If it doesn’t, this is a quick command to see which directory you’re in. Another purpose for this command is when creating scripts because it can help us find the directory in which the script was saved. The below pictures are the output with the command.

Command: 

Output:

3. mkdir command in Linux

This mkdir command allows you to create fresh directories in the terminal itself. The default syntax is mkdir <directory name> and the new directory will be created.

For example, if you want to create a directory as “GeeksforGeeks” then the basic syntax would be:

mkdir GeeksforGeeks

In case you want to create another directory inside the main directory GeeksforGeeks to store projects, you can use the following command to do so. mkdir GeeksforGeeks/projects

Command:

Output:

You can see we used ls first to see the directories present there and then mkdir to create another directory followed by ls to view the created directories.

4. cd command in Linux

The cd command is used to navigate between directories. It requires either the full path or the directory name, depending on your current working directory. If you run this command without any options, it will take you to your home folder. Keep in mind that it can only be executed by users with sudo privileges.

Command:

Output:

Here we used pwd to view the current directory for reference and then we used cd GeeksforGeeks to switch the directory and with again pwd command we can see the output is the switched directory, i.e – GeeksforGeeks

5. rmdir command in Linux

The rmdir command is used to delete permanently an empty directory. To perform this command the user running this command must be having sudo privileges in the parent directory. 

Command:

Command to remove the directory

Output:

Here we used the ls command to check the directories present there and used rmdir <directory name> to delete the directory and again the ls command to view the directories after deleting the same.

6. cp command in Linux

The cp command of Linux is equivalent to copy-paste and cut-paste in Windows. 

Command:

Output:

Here we used ls to view the files and then used cp to copy the files of first.txt to second.txt and again used ls command to view the updated files.

7. mv command in Linux

The mv command is generally used for renaming the files in Linux.

Command:

Output: 

Here we used the ls command to check the directories and then used mv <file name> <Renamed file name> to rename the files, and then again we used the ls command to view the renamed file as you can see in the output screenshot.

8. rm command in Linux

rm command in Linux is generally used to delete the files created in the directory. 

Command:

Output:

You can see as we wrote the ls command to view the files in the terminal and then rm <file name> to delete the files and again we had the ls command to check the update.

9. uname command in Linux

The uname command is used to check the complete OS information of the system. Check out the command and the output below

Command: 

Output:

10. locate command in Linux

The locate command is generally used to locate the files in the database. Use an asterisk (*) to search for content that contains two or more words. As an example: locate first*file. This command will search the database for the files that contain these two names first and file.

Command: 

Output:

We first used the rm command to delete the file and then used the locate command to find the file in the database which in return has given the output with a -e as the file was removed.

11. touch command in Linux

The touch command creates an empty file when put in the terminal in this format as touch <file name> 

Command: 

Output: 

We used the ls command to check the current directories in the terminal and then used the touch command to create an empty file and then again we used ls to find out the created file in the terminal.

12. ln command in Linux

The ln command is used to create a shortcut link to another file. This is among the most important Linux commands to know if you want to operate as a Linux administrator.

Command:

Output:

Here we used mkdir to create two directories and then we used ln with an -s to create a soft link in it.

13. cat command in Linux

The cat command is the simplest command to use when you want to see the contents of a particular file. The only issue is that it simply unloads the entire file to your terminal. If you want to navigate around a huge file, should use less command alternatively.

Command:

Output:

14. clear command in Linux

The clear command is a standard command to clear the terminal screen.

Command: *This was the terminal before the command.

Output: 

15. ps command in Linux

ps command in Linux is used to check the active processes in the terminal.

Command:

Output:

16. man command in Linux

The man command displays a user manual for any commands or utilities available in the Terminal, including their name, description, and options.

Command to view the full manual: 

man <command name>

For example, suppose you want to look up the manual for the ls command: man ls

Command:

Output: 

17. grep command in Linux

The grep command is used to find a specific string in a series of outputs. For example, if you want to find a string in a file, you can use the syntax: <Any command with output> | grep “<string to find> “

For Example:

cat Files.txt | grep “new”

Command: 

Output: 

In this command, we first used cat <file name> to view the content of the file, and then we used cat <file name> | grep “string” to check the string in it.

18. echo command in Linux

echo command in Linux is specially used to print something in the terminal

Command: 

Output: 

19. wget command in Linux

The wget command in the Linux command line allows you to download files from the internet. It runs in the background and does not interfere with other processes.

Here is the basic syntax: wget [option] [url]

Command: 

wget http://sample.com/sample-menu.php

Output:

20. whoami command in Linux

The whoami command provides basic information that is extremely useful when working on multiple systems. In general, if you are working with a single computer, you will not require it as frequently as a network administrator.

Command: 

Output: 

21. sort command in Linux

The sort command is used generally to sort the output of the file. Let’s use the command and see the output.

Command: (We are using the cat command to see the file content)

Output: (The content of multiple.txt file in the terminal)

Now we will sort the outcome using the sort command

Command:

Output:

Here first we checked the file content using the cat command and then we sorted it alphabetically using the sort command.

22. cal command in Linux

The cal command is not the most famous command in the terminal but it functions to view the calendar for a particular month in the terminal. Let’s see how this works.

Command: 

Output: 

23. whereis command in Linux

whereis command in Linux is generally used to see the exact location of any command typed after this. Let’s see how this performs.

Command:

Output: 

24. df command in Linux

df command in Linux gets the details of the file system.

Command: 

Output: 

Here we have used df -h as simply typing df will return the output in bytes which is not readable, so we add -h to make the outputs more readable and understandable.

25. wc command in Linux

wc command in Linux indicates the number of words, characters, lines, etc using a set of options. 

• wc -w shows the number of words
• wc -l shows the number of lines
• wc -m shows the number of characters present in a file

Let’s see one example of these options

Command: 

Output: 

Here we used the touch command to create a text file and then used the echo command to input a sentence that contains six words and we used the wc -w command to calculate the number of words in it.

Basic Linux Commands – FAQs

What are the most basic Linux Commands to learn for beginners?

Here is a list of 10 basic Linux Commands to learn for beginners, along with their functions.

Linux Commands	Functions
Is	Displays information about files in the current directory.
pwd	Displays the current working directory.
mkdir	Creates a directory.
cd	To navigate between different folders.
rmdir	Removes empty directories from the directory lists.
cp	Moves files from one directory to another.
mv	Rename and Replace the files
rm	Delete files
uname	Command to get basic information about the OS
locate	Find a file in the database.

How do I view files in a Linux Directory?

To view files in a Linux directory, you should use the ‘ls’ command. It lists all files and directories in the current working directory. You can also use ‘ls -l’ to view detailed information about each file, including permissions, number of links, owner, group, size, and modification date.

What is the Command to Create a New File in Linux?

The command to create a new file in Linux is ‘touch’. For example, typing ‘touch filename.txt’ in the terminal will create an empty file named ‘filename.txt’. This command is handy for quickly creating new files without opening an editor.

How can I edit a file in Linux from the command line?

To edit a file in Linux from the command line, you can use text editors such as ‘nano’ or ‘vi’. For instance, typing ‘nano filename.txt’ will open the file in the Nano editor, allowing you to edit and save changes. ‘vi’ or ‘vim’ can be used similarly, though they have a different interface and command structure.

What is the Linux Command for changing file permissions?

The Linux command for changing file permissions is ‘chmod’. It allows you to set read, write, and execute permissions for the file owner, group, and others. For example, ‘chmod 755 filename’ sets read, write, and execute permissions for the owner, and read and execute permissions for the group and others.

Conclusion

We hope that this list of all Linux commands will assist you in getting started as a beginner. Learning basic Linux commands is crucial for beginners to efficiently use a Linux-based system. These commands act as handy shortcuts, helping users perform tasks quickly. From managing files and folders to finding system information, understanding these basic commands is essential. By starting with these simple commands, beginners can build a strong foundation for exploring more advanced features of Linux in the future.