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AKTU 1st Year Sem 2 Solved Paper 2015-16 | COMP. SYSTEM & C PROGRAMMING | Sec B

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Paper download link: Paper | Sem 2 | 2015-16

B.Tech. (SEM-II) THEORY EXAMINATION 2015-16 COMPUTER SYSTEM & PROGRAMMING IN C

Time: 3hrs Total Marks: 100 Note:-

  • There are three sections. Section A carries 20 marks, Section B carries 50 marks and Section C carries 30 marks.
  • Attempt all questions. Marks are indicated against each question.
  • Assume suitable data wherever necessary.

Section – B

2. Attempt any five parts: (10*5 = 50)

  1. What is special about void pointer? 
    A void pointer is a pointer that has no associated data type with it. A void pointer can hold address of any type and can be typecasted to any type. 

C




int a = 10;
char b = 'x';
  
void* p = &a; // void pointer holds address of int 'a'
p = &b; // void pointer holds address of char 'b'


  1. Advantages of void pointers: 1) malloc() and calloc() return void * type and this allows these functions to be used to allocate memory of any data type (just because of void *) 
  1. Note that the above program compiles in C, but doesn’t compile in C++. In C++, we must explicitly typecast return value of malloc to (int *). 2) void pointers in C are used to implement generic functions in C. For example compare function which is used in qsort(). Some Interesting Facts: 1) void pointers cannot be dereferenced. For example the following program doesn’t compile. 

CPP




#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 10;
    void* ptr = &a;
    printf("%d", *ptr);
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
Compiler Error: 'void*' is not a pointer-to-object type 
  1. The following program compiles and runs fine. 

CPP




#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a = 10;
    void* ptr = &a;
    printf("%d", *(int*)ptr);
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
10
  1. 2) The C standard doesn’t allow pointer arithmetic with void pointers. However, in GNU C it is allowed by considering the size of void is 1. For example the following program compiles and runs fine in gcc. 

C




#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int a[2] = { 1, 2 };
    void* ptr = &a;
    ptr = ptr + sizeof(int);
    printf("%d", *(int*)ptr);
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
2
  1. Note that the above program may not work in other compilers.
  2. What do you mean by parameter passing mechanism? 
    There are different ways in which parameter data can be passed into and out of methods and functions. Let us assume that a function B() is called from another function A(). In this case A is called the “caller function” and B is called the “called function or callee function”. Also, the arguments which A sends to B are called actual arguments and the parameters of B are called formal arguments.

Important methods of Parameter Passing

  1. Pass By Value : This method uses in-mode semantics. Changes made to formal parameter do not get transmitted back to the caller. Any modifications to the formal parameter variable inside the called function or method affect only the separate storage location and will not be reflected in the actual parameter in the calling environment. This method is also called as call by value.  

C




// C program to illustrate
// call by value
#include <stdio.h>
  
void func(int a, int b)
{
    a += b;
    printf("In func, a = %d b = %d\n", a, b);
}
int main(void)
{
    int x = 5, y = 7;
  
    // Passing parameters
    func(x, y);
    printf("In main, x = %d y = %d\n", x, y);
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
In func, a = 12 b = 7
In main, x = 5 y = 7
  1. Languages like C, C++, Java support this type of parameter passing. Java in fact is strictly call by value. Shortcomings:
    • Inefficiency in storage allocation
    • For objects and arrays, the copy semantics are costly
  2. Pass by reference(aliasing) : This technique uses in/out-mode semantics. Changes made to formal parameter do get transmitted back to the caller through parameter passing. Any changes to the formal parameter are reflected in the actual parameter in the calling environment as formal parameter receives a reference (or pointer) to the actual data. This method is also called as <em>call by reference. This method is efficient in both time and space.  

C




// C program to illustrate
// call by reference
#include <stdio.h>
  
void swapnum(int* i, int* j)
{
    int temp = *i;
    *i = *j;
    *j = temp;
}
  
int main(void)
{
    int a = 10, b = 20;
  
    // passing parameters
    swapnum(&a, &b);
  
    printf("a is %d and b is %d\n", a, b);
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
a is 20 and b is 10
  1. Write a program in C to print the following pattern: 
     

C




#include <stdio.h>
  
int main()
{
  
    char ch = 'A', ch1;
    int i, j, n = 7;
  
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 'A'; j < 'A' + (2 * n) - 1; j++) {
            if (j >= ('A' + n - 1) + i)
                printf("%c",
                       (char)(('A' + n - 1)
                              - (j % ('A' + n - 1))));
            else if (j <= ('A' + n - 1) - i)
                printf("%c", (char)j);
            else
                printf(" ");
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
  
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
ABCDEF FEDCBA
ABCDE   EDCBA
ABCD     DCBA
ABC       CBA
AB         BA
A           A
ABCDEFGFEDCBA
ABCDEF FEDCBA
ABCDE   EDCBA
ABCD     DCBA
ABC       CBA
AB         BA
A           A
  1. Write a program to check whether the given character is in upper case, lower case or non alphabetic character. 
     

C




#include <stdio.h>
  
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    char ch;
    int ascii;
  
    // Get the character
    scanf("%c", &ch);
  
    // Get ASCII value of the character
    ascii = ch;
  
    if (ascii >= 65 && ascii <= 91)
        printf("%c is an UpperCase character", ch);
  
    else if (ascii >= 97 && ascii <= 122)
        printf("%c is an LowerCase character", ch);
  
    else
        printf("%c is not an alphabetic character", ch);
  
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
A is an UpperCase character
a is an LowerCase character
0 is not an alphabetic character
  1. What are the disadvantages of if-else-if ladder? 
    if-else-if ladder Here, a user can decide among multiple options. The if statements are executed from the top down. As soon as one of the conditions controlling the if is true, the statement associated with that if is executed, and the rest of the ladder is bypassed. If none of the conditions is true, then the final else statement will be executed. Syntax:
if (condition)
    statement;
else if (condition)
    statement;
.
.
else
    statement;
  1. if-else-if-ladder Example

CPP




// C++ program to illustrate if-else-if ladder
  
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
  
int main()
{
    int i = 20;
  
    if (i == 10)
        cout << "i is 10";
    else if (i == 15)
        cout << "i is 15";
    else if (i == 20)
        cout << "i is 20";
    else
        cout << "i is not present";
}


  1. Output:
i is 20
  1. Disadvantage:
    • The if-else-if ladder are hard to understand and modify.
    • As the length of if-else-if ladder increases, the readability of the program decreases.
    • In situations involving a series of decisions one after the other, each decision or condition may involve expressions which result in integer value. In these situations, the usage of the if-else-if ladder is not recommended. Instead of this statement, we go for the switch statement.
  2. What are the principles of recursion? Explain in detail. 
    The process in which a function calls itself directly or indirectly is called recursion and the corresponding function is called as recursive function. Using recursive algorithm, certain problems can be solved quite easily. Examples of such problems are Towers of Hanoi (TOH), Inorder/Preorder/Postorder Tree Traversals, DFS of Graph, etc. What is base condition in recursion? In recursive program, the solution to base case is provided and solution of bigger problem is expressed in terms of smaller problems.
int fact(int n)
{
    if (n < = 1) // base case
        return 1;
    else    
        return n*fact(n-1);    
}
  1. In the above example, base case for n < = 1 is defined and larger value of number can be solved by converting to smaller one till base case is reached. How a particular problem is solved using recursion? The idea is represent a problem in terms of one or more smaller problems, and add one or more base conditions that stop recursion. For example, we compute factorial n if we know factorial of (n-1). Base case for factorial would be n = 0. We return 1 when n = 0. Program to find factorial of a number: 

C




// C program to find factorial of given number
#include <stdio.h>
  
// function to find factorial of given number
unsigned int factorial(unsigned int n)
{
  
    // Base case
    if (n == 0)
        return 1;
  
    // Recursively call factorial function
    return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
  
int main()
{
  
    int num;
  
    // Ge the number of which
    // factorial is to be calculated
    scanf("%d", &num);
    printf("Enter the number: %d", num);
  
    // Find the factorial
    // and print the result
    printf("\nFactorial of %d is %d",
           num, factorial(num));
  
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
Enter the number: 5
Factorial of 5 is 120
  1. Describe the relation between structures and pointers 
    Self Referential structures are those structures that have one or more pointers which point to the same type of structure, as their member. In other words, structures pointing to the same type of structures are self-referential in nature. Example: 

CPP




struct node {
    int data1;
    char data2;
    struct node* link;
};
  
int main()
{
    struct node ob;
    return 0;
}


  1. In the above example ‘link’ is a pointer to a structure of type ‘node’. Hence, the structure ‘node’ is a self-referential structure with ‘link’ as the referencing pointer. An important point to consider is that the pointer should be initialized properly before accessing, as by default it contains garbage value. Types of Self Referential Structures
    1. Self Referential Structure with Single Link
    2. Self Referential Structure with Multiple Links
    3. Linked Lists
    4. Stacks
    5. Queues
    6. Trees
    7. Graphs etc
  2. What are the enumerated data type? Explain in detail. 
    Enumerated Data-type: Enumeration (or enum) is a user defined data type in C. It is mainly used to assign names to integral constants, the names make a program easy to read and maintain.
enum State {Working = 1, Failed = 0}; 
  1. The keyword ‘enum’ is used to declare new enumeration types in C and C++. Following is an example of enum declaration.
// The name of enumeration is "flag" and the constant
// are the values of the flag. By default, the values
// of the constants are as follows:
// constant1 = 0, constant2 = 1, constant3 = 2 and 
// so on.
enum flag{constant1, constant2, constant3, ....... };
  1. Variables of type enum can also be defined. They can be defined in two ways:
// In both of the below cases, "day" is 
// defined as the variable of type week. 

enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed};
enum week day;

// Or

enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed}day;

C




// An example program to demonstrate working
// of enum in C
#include <stdio.h>
  
enum week { Mon,
            Tue,
            Wed,
            Thur,
            Fri,
            Sat,
            Sun };
  
int main()
{
    enum week day;
    day = Wed;
    printf("%d", day);
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
2
  1. In the above example, we declared “day” as the variable and the value of “Wed” is allocated to day, which is 2. So as a result, 2 is printed. Another example of enumeration is: 

C




// Another example program to demonstrate working
// of enum in C
#include <stdio.h>
  
enum year { Jan,
            Feb,
            Mar,
            Apr,
            May,
            Jun,
            Jul,
            Aug,
            Sep,
            Oct,
            Nov,
            Dec };
  
int main()
{
    int i;
    for (i = Jan; i <= Dec; i++)
        printf("%d ", i);
  
    return 0;
}


  1. Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
  1. In this example, the for loop will run from i = 0 to i = 11, as initially the value of i is Jan which is 0 and the value of Dec is 11.


Last Updated : 06 Dec, 2022
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