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Advanced Python List Methods and Techniques

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Lists are just like dynamically sized arrays, declared in other languages (vector in C++ and ArrayList in Java). Lists need not be homogeneous always which makes it a most powerful tool in Python. A single list may contain DataTypes like Integers, Strings, as well as Objects. Lists are mutable, and hence, they can be altered even after their creation.

Lists are one of the most powerful tools in python. They have a lot of hidden tricks which makes them extremely versatile. Let’s explore some of these useful techniques which make our lives much easier !!!

Sorting a list  

To sort a list in ascending or descending order, we use the sort() function with the following syntax:

For ascending order: 
list.sort()
For descending order: 
list.sort(reverse=True)

Example:

Python3




# sorting a list using sort() function
 
my_list = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10]
 
 
# sorting in ascending order permanently
# changes the order of the list
my_list.sort()
print(my_list)
 
# sorting in descending order permanently
# changes the order of the list
my_list.sort(reverse=True)
print(my_list)


Output:

[2, 5, 10, 24, 90]
[90, 24, 10, 5, 2]

To temporarily change the order of the list use the sorted() function with the syntax: 

list.sorted()

Python3




# temporary sorting using sorted() method
 
my_list = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10]
 
# ascending order
print(sorted(my_list))
 
# descending order
my_list_2 = sorted(my_list)
print(my_list)


Output:

[2, 5, 10, 24, 90]
[5, 2, 90, 24, 10]

Reversing a list

To reverse the order of a list we use the reverse() function. Its syntax is:

list.reverse()

Example:

Python3




# reverse a list using reverse()
 
my_list = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10]
 
# reverse
my_list.reverse()
print(my_list)


Output:

[10, 24, 90, 2, 5]

Or we could apply list comprehension to reverse a list:

 list = list[::-1]

Example:

Python3




# reverse using list comprehension
my_list = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10]
 
# reverse
print(my_list[::-1])


Output:

[10, 24, 90, 2, 5]

Removing duplicates

As dictionaries in python do not contain duplicate keys. We use the dict.fromkeys() function to convert our list into a dictionary with list elements as keys. And then we convert the dictionary back to list. 

This is a powerful trick to automatically remove all the duplicates. Its syntax is:

My_list =[‘a’, ’b’, ’c’, ’b’, ’a’]
Mylist = list(dict.fromkeys(My_List))

Example:

Python3




# removing duplicates from a list using dictionaries
 
my_list_1 = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10, 2, 90, 34]
my_list_2 = ['a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'd', 'e']
 
# removing duplicates from list 1
my_list_1 = list(dict.fromkeys(my_list_1))
print(my_list_1)
 
# removing duplicates from list 2
my_list_2 = list(dict.fromkeys(my_list_2))
print(my_list_2)


Output:

[5, 2, 90, 24, 10, 34]
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

Filtering a list

Python lists can be filtered with the help of filter() function or with the help of list comprehension. Below is the syntax:

My_list = list(filter(filter_function , iterable_item))

The Filter function returns an iterator object which we must convert back into the list.

Example:

Python3




# filtering with the help of filter() function
# creating a filter function filter all the values less than 20
 
# filter function
def my_filter(n):
    if n > 20:
        return n
 
       
# driver code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    my_list = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10, 2, 95, 36]
    my_filtered_list = list(filter(my_filter, my_list))
    print(my_filtered_list)


Output:

[90, 24, 95, 36]

We can also filter using list comprehension. It is a much easier and elegant way to filter lists, below is the syntax:

My_list = [item for item in my_list if (condition)]

Example:

Python3




# filtering with the help of list comprehension
my_list = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10, 2, 95, 36]
 
# an elegant way to sort the list
my_list = [item for item in my_list if item > 20]
print(my_list)


Output:

[90, 24, 95, 36]

Modifying list

To modify the values in the list with the help of an external function, we make use of the map() function. Map() function returns a map object (iterator) of the results after applying the given function to each element of a given iterable(list, tuple etc.). Below is the syntax:

My_list = list(map(function,iterable))

Example:

Python3




# using map() function to modify the text
def squaring(n):
    return n**2
 
# driver code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    my_list = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10, 2, 95, 36]
 
    my_squared_list = list(map(squaring, my_list))
    print(my_squared_list)


Output:

[25, 4, 8100, 576, 100, 4, 9025, 1296]

A much cleaner approach is using list comprehension.

Example:

Python3




# the same result can be obtained by a much pythonic approach
# i.e., by using list comprehension
my_list = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10, 2, 95, 36]
 
print([i**2 for i in my_list])


Output:

[25, 4, 8100, 576, 100, 4, 9025, 1296]

Combining lists  

We can even combine lists with the help of the zip() function which results in a list of tuples. Here each item from list A is combined with corresponding elements from list B in the form of a tuple. Below is the syntax:

My_list = zip(list_1, list_2)

Example:

Python3




# combing lists with the help of zip() function
my_list_1 = [5, 2, 90, 24, 10]
my_list_2 = [6, 3, 91, 25, 12]
 
# combined
my_combined_list = list(zip(my_list_1, my_list_2))
print(my_combined_list)


Output:

[(5, 6), (2, 3), (90, 91), (24, 25), (10, 12)]

Finding the most common item

To find the most frequent element we make use of the set() function. The set() function removes all the duplicates from the list, and the max() function returns the most frequent element (which is found with the help of ‘key’). The key is an optional single argument function. Below is the syntax:

Most_frequent_value =max(set(my_list),key=mylist.count)

Example :

Python3




# to find the most frequent element from the list
my_list = ['a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'd', 'e']
 
most_frequent_value = max(set(my_list), key=my_list.count)
 
print("The most common element is:", most_frequent_value)


Output:

The most common element is: a

Checking for membership in a list

To check whether an item exists in a list, we use the in statement. 

Example:

Python3




my_list = ['a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'd', 'e']
 
# to check whether 'c' is a member of my_list
# returns true if present
print('c' in my_list) 
 
# to check whether 'f' is a member of my_list
# returns false if not present
print('f' in my_list)


Output:

True
False

Flatten a list of lists

Sometimes we encounter a list where each element in itself is a list. To convert a list of lists into a single list, we use list comprehension.

my_list = [item  for List in list_of_lists for item in List ]

Example:

Python3




# to flatten a list_of_lists by using list comprehension
list_of_lists = [[1, 2],
                 [3, 4],
                 [5, 6],
                 [7, 8]]
 
# using list comprehension
my_list = [item for List in list_of_lists for item in List]
print(my_list)


Output:

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]


Last Updated : 22 Feb, 2023
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