Add all greater values to every node in a given BST

Given a Binary Search Tree (BST), modify it so that all greater values in the given BST are added to every node. For example, consider the following BST.

              50
           /      \
         30        70
        /   \      /  \
      20    40    60   80 
The above tree should be modified to following 
              260
           /      \
         330        150
        /   \       /  \
      350   300    210   80

A simple method for solving this is to find the sum of all greater values for every node. This method would take O(n^2) time.

The method discussed in this article uses the technique of reverse in-order tree traversal of BST which optimizes the problem to be solved in a single traversal.

Approach: In this problem as we could notice that the largest node would remain the same. The value of 2nd largest node = value of largest + value of second largest node. Similarly, the value of nth largest node will be the sum of the n-th node and value of (n-1)th largest node after modification. So if we traverse the tree in descending order and simultaneously update the sum value at every step while adding the value to the root node, the problem would be solved.

So to traverse the BST in descending order we use reverse in-order traversal of BST. This takes a global variable sum which is updated at every node and once the root node is reached it is added to the value of root node and value of the root node is updated.

C++

// C++ program to add all greater
// values in every node of BST
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
class Node {
public:
    int data;
    Node *left, *right;
};
 
// A utility function to create
// a new BST node
Node* newNode(int item)
{
    Node* temp = new Node();
    temp->data = item;
    temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
    return temp;
}
 
// Recursive function to add all
// greater values in every node
void modifyBSTUtil(Node* root, int* sum)
{
    // Base Case
    if (root == NULL)
        return;
 
    // Recur for right subtree
    modifyBSTUtil(root->right, sum);
 
    // Now *sum has sum of nodes
    // in right subtree, add
    // root->data to sum and
    // update root->data
    *sum = *sum + root->data;
    root->data = *sum;
 
    // Recur for left subtree
    modifyBSTUtil(root->left, sum);
}
 
// A wrapper over modifyBSTUtil()
void modifyBST(Node* root)
{
    int sum = 0;
    modifyBSTUtil(root, &sum);
}
 
// A utility function to do
// inorder traversal of BST
void inorder(Node* root)
{
    if (root != NULL) {
        inorder(root->left);
        cout << root->data << " ";
        inorder(root->right);
    }
}
 
/* A utility function to insert
a new node with given data in BST */
Node* insert(Node* node, int data)
{
    /* If the tree is empty,
       return a new node */
    if (node == NULL)
        return newNode(data);
 
    /* Otherwise, recur down the tree */
    if (data <= node->data)
        node->left = insert(node->left, data);
    else
        node->right = insert(node->right, data);
 
    /* return the (unchanged) node pointer */
    return node;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    /* Let us create following BST
            50
        / \
        30 70
        / \ / \
    20 40 60 80 */
    Node* root = NULL;
    root = insert(root, 50);
    insert(root, 30);
    insert(root, 20);
    insert(root, 40);
    insert(root, 70);
    insert(root, 60);
    insert(root, 80);
 
    modifyBST(root);
 
    // print inorder traversal of the modified BST
    inorder(root);
 
    return 0;
}
 
// This code is contributed by rathbhupendra

C

// C program to add all greater
// values in every node of BST
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
struct Node {
    int data;
    struct Node *left, *right;
};
 
// A utility function to create a new BST node
struct Node* newNode(int item)
{
    struct Node* temp
        = (struct Node*)malloc(
            sizeof(struct Node));
    temp->data = item;
    temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
    return temp;
}
 
// Recursive function to add
// all greater values in every node
void modifyBSTUtil(
    struct Node* root, int* sum)
{
    // Base Case
    if (root == NULL)
        return;
 
    // Recur for right subtree
    modifyBSTUtil(root->right, sum);
 
    // Now *sum has sum of nodes
    // in right subtree, add
    // root->data to sum and
    // update root->data
    *sum = *sum + root->data;
    root->data = *sum;
 
    // Recur for left subtree
    modifyBSTUtil(root->left, sum);
}
 
// A wrapper over modifyBSTUtil()
void modifyBST(struct Node* root)
{
    int sum = 0;
    modifyBSTUtil(root, &sum);
}
 
// A utility function to do
// inorder traversal of BST
void inorder(struct Node* root)
{
    if (root != NULL) {
        inorder(root->left);
        printf("%d ", root->data);
        inorder(root->right);
    }
}
 
/* A utility function to insert
a new node with given data in BST */
struct Node* insert(
    struct Node* node, int data)
{
    /* If the tree is empty, return a new node */
    if (node == NULL)
        return newNode(data);
 
    /* Otherwise, recur down the tree */
    if (data <= node->data)
        node->left = insert(node->left, data);
    else
        node->right = insert(node->right, data);
 
    /* return the (unchanged) node pointer */
    return node;
}
 
// Driver Program to test above functions
int main()
{
    /* Let us create following BST
              50
           /     \
          30      70
         /  \    /  \
       20   40  60   80 */
    struct Node* root = NULL;
    root = insert(root, 50);
    insert(root, 30);
    insert(root, 20);
    insert(root, 40);
    insert(root, 70);
    insert(root, 60);
    insert(root, 80);
 
    modifyBST(root);
 
    // print inorder traversal of the modified BST
    inorder(root);
 
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java code to add all greater values to
// every node in a given BST
 
// A binary tree node
class Node {
 
    int data;
    Node left, right;
 
    Node(int d)
    {
        data = d;
        left = right = null;
    }
}
 
class BinarySearchTree {
 
    // Root of BST
    Node root;
 
    // Constructor
    BinarySearchTree()
    {
        root = null;
    }
 
    // Inorder traversal of the tree
    void inorder()
    {
        inorderUtil(this.root);
    }
 
    // Utility function for inorder traversal of
    // the tree
    void inorderUtil(Node node)
    {
        if (node == null)
            return;
 
        inorderUtil(node.left);
        System.out.print(node.data + " ");
        inorderUtil(node.right);
    }
 
    // adding new node
    public void insert(int data)
    {
        this.root = this.insertRec(this.root, data);
    }
 
    /* A utility function to insert a new node with
    given data in BST */
    Node insertRec(Node node, int data)
    {
        /* If the tree is empty, return a new node */
        if (node == null) {
            this.root = new Node(data);
            return this.root;
        }
 
        /* Otherwise, recur down the tree */
        if (data <= node.data) {
            node.left = this.insertRec(node.left, data);
        }
        else {
            node.right = this.insertRec(node.right, data);
        }
        return node;
    }
 
    // This class initialises the value of sum to 0
    public class Sum {
        int sum = 0;
    }
 
    // Recursive function to add all greater values in
    // every node
    void modifyBSTUtil(Node node, Sum S)
    {
        // Base Case
        if (node == null)
            return;
 
        // Recur for right subtree
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node.right, S);
 
        // Now *sum has sum of nodes in right subtree, add
        // root->data to sum and update root->data
        S.sum = S.sum + node.data;
        node.data = S.sum;
 
        // Recur for left subtree
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node.left, S);
    }
 
    // A wrapper over modifyBSTUtil()
    void modifyBST(Node node)
    {
        Sum S = new Sum();
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node, S);
    }
 
    // Driver Function
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        BinarySearchTree tree = new BinarySearchTree();
 
        /* Let us create following BST
              50
           /     \
          30      70
         /  \    /  \
       20   40  60   80 */
 
        tree.insert(50);
        tree.insert(30);
        tree.insert(20);
        tree.insert(40);
        tree.insert(70);
        tree.insert(60);
        tree.insert(80);
 
        tree.modifyBST(tree.root);
 
        // print inorder traversal of the modified BST
        tree.inorder();
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Kamal Rawal

Python3

# Python3 program to add all greater values
# in every node of BST
 
# A utility function to create a
# new BST node
class newNode:
 
    # Constructor to create a new node
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
 
# Recursive function to add all greater
# values in every node
def modifyBSTUtil(root, Sum):
     
    # Base Case
    if root == None:
        return
 
    # Recur for right subtree
    modifyBSTUtil(root.right, Sum)
 
    # Now Sum[0] has sum of nodes in right
    # subtree, add root.data to sum and
    # update root.data
    Sum[0] = Sum[0] + root.data
    root.data = Sum[0]
 
    # Recur for left subtree
    modifyBSTUtil(root.left, Sum)
 
# A wrapper over modifyBSTUtil()
def modifyBST(root):
    Sum = [0]
    modifyBSTUtil(root, Sum)
 
# A utility function to do inorder
# traversal of BST
def inorder(root):
    if root != None:
        inorder(root.left)
        print(root.data, end =" ")
        inorder(root.right)
 
# A utility function to insert a new node
# with given data in BST
def insert(node, data):
     
    # If the tree is empty, return a new node
    if node == None:
        return newNode(data)
 
    # Otherwise, recur down the tree
    if data <= node.data:
        node.left = insert(node.left, data)
    else:
        node.right = insert(node.right, data)
 
    # return the (unchanged) node pointer
    return node
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
     
    # Let us create following BST
    # 50
    #     /     \
    # 30     70
    #     / \ / \
    # 20 40 60 80
    root = None
    root = insert(root, 50)
    insert(root, 30)
    insert(root, 20)
    insert(root, 40)
    insert(root, 70)
    insert(root, 60)
    insert(root, 80)
 
    modifyBST(root)
 
    # print inorder traversal of the
    # modified BST
    inorder(root)
     
# This code is contributed by PranchalK

C#

using System;
 
// C# code to add all greater values to
// every node in a given BST
 
// A binary tree node
public class Node {
 
    public int data;
    public Node left, right;
 
    public Node(int d)
    {
        data = d;
        left = right = null;
    }
}
 
public class BinarySearchTree {
 
    // Root of BST
    public Node root;
 
    // Constructor
    public BinarySearchTree()
    {
        root = null;
    }
 
    // Inorder traversal of the tree
    public virtual void inorder()
    {
        inorderUtil(this.root);
    }
 
    // Utility function for inorder traversal of
    // the tree
    public virtual void inorderUtil(Node node)
    {
        if (node == null) {
            return;
        }
 
        inorderUtil(node.left);
        Console.Write(node.data + " ");
        inorderUtil(node.right);
    }
 
    // adding new node
    public virtual void insert(int data)
    {
        this.root = this.insertRec(this.root, data);
    }
 
    /* A utility function to insert a new node with 
    given data in BST */
    public virtual Node insertRec(Node node, int data)
    {
        /* If the tree is empty, return a new node */
        if (node == null) {
            this.root = new Node(data);
            return this.root;
        }
 
        /* Otherwise, recur down the tree */
        if (data <= node.data) {
            node.left = this.insertRec(node.left, data);
        }
        else {
            node.right = this.insertRec(node.right, data);
        }
        return node;
    }
 
    // This class initialises the value of sum to 0
    public class Sum {
        private readonly BinarySearchTree outerInstance;
 
        public Sum(BinarySearchTree outerInstance)
        {
            this.outerInstance = outerInstance;
        }
 
        public int sum = 0;
    }
 
    // Recursive function to add all greater values in
    // every node
    public virtual void modifyBSTUtil(Node node, Sum S)
    {
        // Base Case
        if (node == null) {
            return;
        }
 
        // Recur for right subtree
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node.right, S);
 
        // Now *sum has sum of nodes in right subtree, add
        // root->data to sum and update root->data
        S.sum = S.sum + node.data;
        node.data = S.sum;
 
        // Recur for left subtree
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node.left, S);
    }
 
    // A wrapper over modifyBSTUtil()
    public virtual void modifyBST(Node node)
    {
        Sum S = new Sum(this);
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node, S);
    }
 
    // Driver Function
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        BinarySearchTree tree = new BinarySearchTree();
 
        /* Let us create following BST
              50
           /     \
          30      70
         /  \    /  \
       20   40  60   80 */
 
        tree.insert(50);
        tree.insert(30);
        tree.insert(20);
        tree.insert(40);
        tree.insert(70);
        tree.insert(60);
        tree.insert(80);
 
        tree.modifyBST(tree.root);
 
        // print inorder traversal of the modified BST
        tree.inorder();
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Shrikant13

Javascript

<script>
 
// JavaScript code to add all greater values to
// every node in a given BST
 
// A binary tree node
class Node {
    constructor(val) {
        this.data = val;
        this.left = null;
        this.right = null;
    }
}
 
 
    // Root of BST
    var root = null;
 
 
    // Inorder traversal of the tree
    function inorder()
    {
        inorderUtil(this.root);
    }
 
    // Utility function for inorder traversal of
    // the tree
    function inorderUtil(node)
    {
        if (node == null)
            return;
 
        inorderUtil(node.left);
        document.write(node.data + " ");
        inorderUtil(node.right);
    }
 
    // adding new node
     function insert(data)
    {
        this.root = this.insertRec(this.root, data);
    }
 
    /* A utility function to insert a new node with
    given data in BST */
    function insertRec(node , data)
    {
        /* If the tree is empty, return a new node */
        if (node == null) {
            this.root = new Node(data);
            return this.root;
        }
 
        /* Otherwise, recur down the tree */
        if (data <= node.data) {
            node.left = this.insertRec(node.left, data);
        }
        else {
            node.right = this.insertRec(node.right, data);
        }
        return node;
    }
 
    // This class initialises the value of sum to 0
     class Sum {
     constructor(){
        this.sum = 0;
        }
    }
 
    // Recursive function to add
    // all greater values in
    // every node
    function modifyBSTUtil(node,  S)
    {
        // Base Case
        if (node == null)
            return;
 
        // Recur for right subtree
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node.right, S);
 
        // Now *sum has sum of nodes
        // in right subtree, add
        // root->data to sum and update root->data
        S.sum = S.sum + node.data;
        node.data = S.sum;
 
        // Recur for left subtree
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node.left, S);
    }
 
    // A wrapper over modifyBSTUtil()
    function modifyBST(node)
    {
        var S = new Sum();
        this.modifyBSTUtil(node, S);
    }
 
    // Driver Function
     
        /* Let us create following BST
              50
           /     \
          30      70
         /  \    /  \
       20   40  60   80 */
 
        insert(50);
        insert(30);
        insert(20);
        insert(40);
        insert(70);
        insert(60);
        insert(80);
 
        modifyBST(root);
 
        // print inorder traversal of the modified BST
        inorder();
 
// This code contributed by gauravrajput1
 
</script>

Output

350 330 300 260 210 150 80

Complexity Analysis:

Time Complexity: O(n).
As this problem uses an in-order tree traversal technique
Auxiliary Space: O(1).
As no data structure has been used for storing values.

Approach 2: Recursive Inorder Traversal

In this approach, we traverse the BST in reverse inorder traversal, which gives us the nodes in descending order. While traversing, we maintain a variable sum that keeps track of the sum of all greater nodes than the current node. We add the sum to the current node’s value and update the sum to the new value. This way, we update all nodes with the sum of all greater nodes.

Initialize a variable sum to 0.
Traverse the given BST in reverse inorder (right, root, left) and for each node:
a. Add the node’s value to sum.
b. Replace the node’s value with sum.
Return the modified BST.

The reverse inorder traversal ensures that we visit the nodes in descending order, which allows us to calculate the sum of all greater values for each node. By keeping track of the running sum, we can easily update each node’s value with the sum of all greater values.

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
struct Node {
    int data;
    Node *left, *right;
};
 
Node* newNode(int data) {
    Node* node = new Node;
    node->data = data;
    node->left = node->right = NULL;
    return node;
}
 
void modifyBSTUtil(Node* root, int* sum) {
    if (root == NULL) return;
 
    modifyBSTUtil(root->right, sum);
 
    *sum = *sum + root->data;
    root->data = *sum;
 
    modifyBSTUtil(root->left, sum);
}
 
void modifyBST(Node* root) {
    int sum = 0;
    modifyBSTUtil(root, &sum);
}
 
void inorder(Node* root) {
    if (root == NULL) return;
 
    inorder(root->left);
    cout << root->data << " ";
    inorder(root->right);
}
 
int main() {
    Node* root = newNode(50);
    root->left = newNode(30);
    root->right = newNode(70);
    root->left->left = newNode(20);
    root->left->right = newNode(40);
    root->right->left = newNode(60);
    root->right->right = newNode(80);
     
 
 
 
    modifyBST(root);
 
   
    inorder(root);
 
    return 0;
}

Java

class Node {
    int data;
    Node left, right;
 
    Node(int data) {
        this.data = data;
        left = right = null;
    }
}
 
public class Main{
    static void modifyBSTUtil(Node root, int[] sum) {
        if (root == null)
            return;
 
        modifyBSTUtil(root.right, sum);
 
        sum[0] = sum[0] + root.data;
        root.data = sum[0];
 
        modifyBSTUtil(root.left, sum);
    }
 
    static void modifyBST(Node root) {
        int[] sum = new int[1];
        modifyBSTUtil(root, sum);
    }
 
    static void inorder(Node root) {
        if (root == null)
            return;
 
        inorder(root.left);
        System.out.print(root.data + " ");
        inorder(root.right);
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Node root = new Node(50);
        root.left = new Node(30);
        root.right = new Node(70);
        root.left.left = new Node(20);
        root.left.right = new Node(40);
        root.right.left = new Node(60);
        root.right.right = new Node(80);
 
        modifyBST(root);
 
        inorder(root);
    }
}

Python3

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
 
def newNode(data):
    node = Node(data)
    return node
 
def modifyBSTUtil(root, sum):
    if root is None:
        return
     
    modifyBSTUtil(root.right, sum)
     
    sum[0] += root.data
    root.data = sum[0]
     
    modifyBSTUtil(root.left, sum)
 
def modifyBST(root):
    sum = [0]
    modifyBSTUtil(root, sum)
 
def inorder(root):
    if root is None:
        return
     
    inorder(root.left)
    print(root.data, end=' ')
    inorder(root.right)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    root = newNode(50)
    root.left = newNode(30)
    root.right = newNode(70)
    root.left.left = newNode(20)
    root.left.right = newNode(40)
    root.right.left = newNode(60)
    root.right.right = newNode(80)
     
    modifyBST(root)
     
    inorder(root)

C#

using System;
 
public class Node {
    public int data;
    public Node left, right;
 
    public Node(int data) {
        this.data = data;
        left = right = null;
    }
}
 
public class GFG {
    static void ModifyBSTUtil(Node root, ref int sum) {
        if (root == null)
            return;
 
        ModifyBSTUtil(root.right, ref sum);
 
        sum = sum + root.data;
        root.data = sum;
 
        ModifyBSTUtil(root.left, ref sum);
    }
 
    static void ModifyBST(Node root) {
        int sum = 0;
        ModifyBSTUtil(root, ref sum);
    }
 
    static void Inorder(Node root) {
        if (root == null)
            return;
 
        Inorder(root.left);
        Console.Write(root.data + " ");
        Inorder(root.right);
    }
 
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
        Node root = new Node(50);
        root.left = new Node(30);
        root.right = new Node(70);
        root.left.left = new Node(20);
        root.left.right = new Node(40);
        root.right.left = new Node(60);
        root.right.right = new Node(80);
 
        ModifyBST(root);
 
        Inorder(root);
    }
}

Javascript

// Define a Node class with a constructor that sets the data, left, and right properties.
class Node {
    constructor(data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.left = this.right = null;
    }
}
 
// Create a new Node with the given data.
function newNode(data) {
    let node = new Node(data);
    return node;
}
 
// Utility function to modify the BST (binary search tree).
function modifyBSTUtil(root, sum) {
    // If the root node is null, return.
    if (root == null) return;
 
    // Recursively call modifyBSTUtil on the right subtree.
    modifyBSTUtil(root.right, sum);
 
    // Add the data value of the current node to the sum.
    sum[0] = sum[0] + root.data;
    // Set the data value of the current node to the sum.
    root.data = sum[0];
 
    // Recursively call modifyBSTUtil on the left subtree.
    modifyBSTUtil(root.left, sum);
}
 
// Function to modify the BST by calling modifyBSTUtil with an initial sum of 0.
function modifyBST(root) {
    let sum = [0];
    modifyBSTUtil(root, sum);
}
 
// Function to perform an inorder traversal of the BST and print the values.
function inorder(root) {
    // If the root node is null, return.
    if (root == null) return;
 
    // Recursively call inorder on the left subtree.
    inorder(root.left);
    // Print the data value of the current node.
    console.log(root.data + " ");
    // Recursively call inorder on the right subtree.
    inorder(root.right);
}
 
// Create a new BST with the given nodes.
let root = newNode(50);
root.left = newNode(30);
root.right = newNode(70);
root.left.left = newNode(20);
root.left.right = newNode(40);
root.right.left = newNode(60);
root.right.right = newNode(80);
 
// Modify the BST.
modifyBST(root);
 
// Perform an inorder traversal and print the values.
inorder(root);