Open In App

accumulate() and partial_sum() in C++ STL : Numeric header

Improve
Improve
Improve
Like Article
Like
Save Article
Save
Share
Report issue
Report

The numeric header is part of the numeric library in C++ STL. This library consists of basic mathematical functions and types, as well as optimized numeric arrays and support for random number generation. Some of the functions in the numeric header:

  • iota
  • accumulate
  • reduce
  • inner_product
  • partial_sum etc.

This article explains accumulate() and partial_sum() in the numeric header which can be used during competitive programming to save time and effort. 
1) accumulate(): This function returns the sum of all the values lying in a range between [first, last) with the variable sum. We usually find out the sum of elements in a particular range or a complete array using a linear operation which requires adding all the elements in the range one by one and storing it into some variable after each iteration.

Syntax:

accumulate(first, last, sum);

or

accumulate(first, last, sum, myfun); 

Parameters:

  • first, last: first and last elements of range whose elements are to be added
  • sum:  initial value of the sum
  • myfun: a function for performing any specific task. 

For example, we can find the product of elements between the first and last.

CPP




// C++ program to demonstrate working of accumulate()
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;
 
// User defined function
int myfun(int x, int y)
{
    // for this example we have taken product
    // of adjacent numbers
    return x * y;
}
 
int main()
{
    // Initialize sum = 1
    int sum = 1;
    int a[] = { 5, 10, 15 };
 
    // Simple default accumulate function
    cout << "\nResult using accumulate: ";
    cout << accumulate(a, a + 3, sum);
 
    // Using accumulate function with
    // defined function
    cout << "\nResult using accumulate with"
            "user-defined function: ";
    cout << accumulate(a, a + 3, sum, myfun);
 
    // Using accumulate function with
    // pre-defined function
    cout << "\nResult using accumulate with "
            "pre-defined function: ";
    cout << accumulate(a, a + 3, sum, std::minus<int>());
 
    return 0;
}


Output

Result using accumulate: 31
Result using accumulate withuser-defined function: 750
Result using accumulate with pre-defined function: -29

Note: For adding larger values beyond the int range the sum should be initialized with 0ll or a user-defined sum with the suffix ll,  else the sum will be overflown. (here ll refers to long long int)
Example: accumulate(a,a+n,0ll)

See this Example Problem for more reference: Sum of all elements between k1’th and k2’th smallest elements

2) partial_sum( ): This function assigns a partial sum of the corresponding elements of an array to every position of the second array. It returns the partial sum of all the sets of values lying between [first, last) and stores it in another array b. 
For example, if x represents an element in [first, last) and y represents an element in the result, the ys can be calculated as:

y0 = x0 
y1 = x0 + x1 
y2 = x0 + x1 + x2 
y3 = x0 + x1 + x2 + x3 
y4 = x0 + x1 + x2 + x3 + x4

Syntax:

partial_sum(first, last, b);

or

partial_sum(first, last, b, myfun);

Parameters:

  • first, last: first and last element of the range whose elements are to be added
  • b: index of array where  corresponding partial sum will be stored
  • myfun: a user-defined function for performing any specific task

CPP




// C++ program to demonstrate working of partial_sum()
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
using namespace std;
 
// user defined function
int myfun(int x, int y)
{
    // the sum of element is twice of its
    // adjacent element
    return x + 2 * y;
}
 
int main()
{
    int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
    int b[5];
 
    // Default function
    partial_sum(a, a + 5, b);
 
    cout << "Partial Sum - Using Default function: ";
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
        cout << b[i] << ' ';
    cout << '\n';
 
    // Using user defined function
    partial_sum(a, a + 5, b, myfun);
 
    cout << "Partial sum - Using user defined function: ";
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
        cout << b[i] << ' ';
    cout << '\n';
 
    return 0;
}


Output

Partial Sum - Using Default function: 1 3 6 10 15 
Partial sum - Using user defined function: 1 5 11 19 29 

Explanation of code :

without myfun:

simply, ith  element of a array + i-1th element of array b makes equal to ith element of b

i.e. b[i]=a[i]+b[i-1] 

b[0] =1+no ele=> 1

b[1] =2+1=> 3

b[2]= 3+3=> 6

b[3]=6+4=10 and   so on

with myfun:

 in the same way : 

b[i]=b[i-1]+2*a[i]

means b[0] = 1 (Since b[0-1], i.e. (b[-1]) cannot be defined in an array, we will initialize b[0] with the default value of a[0] only)

b[1] = 1+2*2 => 5 

b[2] = 5+3*2 => 11

b[3] = 11+4*2 => 19

b[4] = 19 + 5*2 => 29

This article is contributed by Abhinav Tiwari.



Last Updated : 08 Nov, 2023
Like Article
Save Article
Previous
Next
Share your thoughts in the comments
Similar Reads