0-1 knapsack queries - GeeksforGeeks

Given an integer array W[] consisting of weights of the items and some queries consisting of capacity C of knapsack, for each query find maximum weight we can put in the knapsack. Value of C does’t exceed a certain integer C_MAX.

Examples:

Input: W[] = {3, 8, 9} q = {11, 10, 4}
Output:
11
9
3
If C = 11: select 3 + 8 = 11
If C = 10: select 9
If C = 4: select 3

Input: W[] = {1, 5, 10} q = {6, 14}
Output:
6
11

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

Its recommended that you go through this article on 0-1 knapsack before attempting this problem.

Naive approach: For each query, we can generate all possible subsets of weight and choose the one that has maximum weight among all those subsets that fits in the knapsack. Thus, answering each query will take exponential time.

Efficient approach: We will optimise answering each query using dynamic programming.
0-1 knapsack is solved using 2-D DP, one state ‘i’ for current index(i.e select or reject) and one for remaining capacity ‘R’.
Recurrence relation is

dp[i][R] = max(arr[i] + dp[i + 1][R – arr[i]], dp[i + 1][R])

We will pre-compute the the 2-d array dp[i][C] for every possible value of ‘C’ between 1 to C_MAX in O(C_MAX*i).
Using this, pre-computation we can answer each queries in O(1) time.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ implementation of the approach 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
#define C_MAX 30 
#define max_arr_len 10 
using namespace std; 
  
// To store states of DP 
int dp[max_arr_len][C_MAX + 1]; 
  
// To check if a state has 
// been solved 
bool v[max_arr_len][C_MAX + 1]; 
  
// Function to compute the states 
int findMax(int i, int r, int w[], int n) 
{ 
  
    // Base case 
    if (r < 0) 
        return INT_MIN; 
    if (i == n) 
        return 0; 
  
    // Check if a state has 
    // been solved 
    if (v[i][r]) 
        return dp[i][r]; 
  
    // Setting a state as solved 
    v[i][r] = 1; 
    dp[i][r] = max(w[i] + findMax(i + 1, r - w[i], w, n), 
                   findMax(i + 1, r, w, n)); 
  
    // Returning the solved state 
    return dp[i][r]; 
} 
  
// Function to pre-compute the states 
// dp[0][0], dp[0][1], .., dp[0][C_MAX] 
void preCompute(int w[], int n) 
{ 
    for (int i = C_MAX; i >= 0; i--) 
        findMax(0, i, w, n); 
} 
  
// Function to answer a query in O(1) 
int ansQuery(int w) 
{ 
    return dp[0][w]; 
} 
  
// Driver code 
int main() 
{ 
    int w[] = { 3, 8, 9 }; 
    int n = sizeof(w) / sizeof(int); 
  
    // Performing required 
    // pre-computation 
    preCompute(w, n); 
  
    int queries[] = { 11, 10, 4 }; 
    int q = sizeof(queries) / sizeof(queries[0]); 
  
    // Perform queries 
    for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) 
        cout << ansQuery(queries[i]) << endl; 
  
    return 0; 
} 

Java

// Java implementation of the approach 
class GFG 
{ 
    static int C_MAX = 30; 
    static int max_arr_len = 10; 
      
    // To store states of DP 
    static int dp [][] = new int [max_arr_len][C_MAX + 1]; 
      
    // To check if a state has 
    // been solved 
    static boolean v[][]= new boolean [max_arr_len][C_MAX + 1]; 
      
    // Function to compute the states 
    static int findMax(int i, int r, int w[], int n) 
    { 
      
        // Base case 
        if (r < 0) 
            return Integer.MIN_VALUE; 
        if (i == n) 
            return 0; 
      
        // Check if a state has 
        // been solved 
        if (v[i][r]) 
            return dp[i][r]; 
      
        // Setting a state as solved 
        v[i][r] = true; 
        dp[i][r] = Math.max(w[i] + findMax(i + 1, r - w[i], w, n), 
                                        findMax(i + 1, r, w, n)); 
      
        // Returning the solved state 
        return dp[i][r]; 
    } 
      
    // Function to pre-compute the states 
    // dp[0][0], dp[0][1], .., dp[0][C_MAX] 
    static void preCompute(int w[], int n) 
    { 
        for (int i = C_MAX; i >= 0; i--) 
            findMax(0, i, w, n); 
    } 
      
    // Function to answer a query in O(1) 
    static int ansQuery(int w) 
    { 
        return dp[0][w]; 
    } 
      
    // Driver code 
    public static void main (String[] args)  
    { 
  
        int w[] = new int []{ 3, 8, 9 }; 
        int n = w.length; 
          
        // Performing required 
        // pre-computation 
        preCompute(w, n); 
      
        int queries[] = new int [] { 11, 10, 4 }; 
        int q = queries.length; 
      
        // Perform queries 
        for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) 
            System.out.println(ansQuery(queries[i])); 
    } 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by ihritik 

Python3

# Python3 implementation of the approach  
  
import numpy as np 
import sys 
  
C_MAX = 30
max_arr_len = 10
  
# To store states of DP  
dp = np.zeros((max_arr_len,C_MAX + 1));  
  
# To check if a state has  
# been solved  
v = np.zeros((max_arr_len,C_MAX + 1));  
  
INT_MIN = -(sys.maxsize) + 1
  
# Function to compute the states  
def findMax(i, r, w, n) :  
  
    # Base case  
    if (r < 0) : 
        return INT_MIN;  
          
    if (i == n) : 
        return 0;  
  
    # Check if a state has  
    # been solved  
    if (v[i][r]) : 
        return dp[i][r];  
  
    # Setting a state as solved  
    v[i][r] = 1;  
    dp[i][r] = max(w[i] + findMax(i + 1, r - w[i], w, n),  
                findMax(i + 1, r, w, n));  
  
    # Returning the solved state  
    return dp[i][r];  
  
  
# Function to pre-compute the states  
# dp[0][0], dp[0][1], .., dp[0][C_MAX]  
def preCompute(w, n) :  
  
    for i in range(C_MAX, -1, -1) : 
        findMax(0, i, w, n);  
  
  
# Function to answer a query in O(1)  
def ansQuery(w) :  
  
    return dp[0][w];  
  
  
# Driver code  
if __name__ == "__main__" :  
  
    w = [ 3, 8, 9 ];  
    n = len(w)  
  
    # Performing required  
    # pre-computation  
    preCompute(w, n);  
  
    queries = [ 11, 10, 4 ];  
    q = len(queries) 
  
    # Perform queries  
    for i in range(q) : 
        print(ansQuery(queries[i])); 
  
  
# This code is coontributed by AnkitRai01 

C#

// C# implementation of the approach 
using System; 
  
class GFG 
{ 
    static int  C_MAX = 30; 
    static int  max_arr_len = 10; 
      
    // To store states of DP 
    static int [ , ] dp  = new int [max_arr_len, C_MAX + 1]; 
      
    // To check if a state has 
    // been solved 
    static bool [ , ] v  = new bool [max_arr_len, C_MAX + 1]; 
      
    // Function to compute the states 
   static int findMax(int i, int r, int [] w, int n) 
    { 
      
        // Base case 
        if (r < 0) 
            return Int32.MinValue; 
        if (i == n) 
            return 0; 
      
        // Check if a state has 
        // been solved 
        if (v[i, r]) 
            return dp[i, r]; 
      
        // Setting a state as solved 
        v[i, r] = true; 
        dp[i, r] = Math.Max(w[i] + findMax(i + 1, r - w[i], w, n), 
                    findMax(i + 1, r, w, n)); 
      
        // Returning the solved state 
        return dp[i, r]; 
    } 
      
    // Function to pre-compute the states 
    // dp[0][0], dp[0][1], .., dp[0][C_MAX] 
    static void preCompute(int []w, int n) 
    { 
        for (int i = C_MAX; i >= 0; i--) 
            findMax(0, i, w, n); 
    } 
      
    // Function to answer a query in O(1) 
    static  int ansQuery(int w) 
    { 
        return dp[0, w]; 
    } 
      
    // Driver code 
    public static void Main ()  
    { 
  
        int []w = new int []{ 3, 8, 9 }; 
        int n = w.Length; 
          
        // Performing required 
        // pre-computation 
        preCompute(w, n); 
      
        int [] queries = new int [] { 11, 10, 4 }; 
        int q = queries.Length; 
      
        // Perform queries 
        for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) 
            Console.WriteLine (ansQuery(queries[i])); 
      
      
    } 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by ihritik 

Output:

11
9
3

Attention reader! Don’t stop learning now. Get hold of all the important DSA concepts with the DSA Self Paced Course at a student-friendly price and become industry ready.

My Personal Notes

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

C++

Java

Python3

C#

Recommended Posts: