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Sum of subset differences

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Given a set S consisting of n numbers, find the sum of difference between last and first element of each subset. We find first and last element of every subset by keeping them in same order as they appear in input set S. i.e., sumSetDiff(S) = ? (last(s) – first(s)), where sum goes over all subsets s of S.

Note:

Elements in the subset should be in the same order as in the set S. Examples:

S = {5, 2, 9, 6}, n = 4
Subsets are:
{5}, last(s)-first(s) = 0.
{2}, last(s)-first(s) = 0.
{9}, last(s)-first(s) = 0.
{6}, last(s)-first(s) = 0.
{5,2}, last(s)-first(s) = -3.
{5,9}, last(s)-first(s) = 4.
{5,6}, last(s)-first(s) = 1.
{2,9}, last(s)-first(s) = 7.
{2,6}, last(s)-first(s) = 4.
{9,6}, last(s)-first(s) = -3.
{5,2,9}, last(s)-first(s) = 4.
{5,2,6}, last(s)-first(s) = 1.
{5,9,6}, last(s)-first(s) = 1.
{2,9,6}, last(s)-first(s) = 4.
{5,2,9,6}, last(s)-first(s) = 1.
Output = -3+4+1+7+4-3+4+1+1+4+1
= 21.

A simple solution

for this problem is to find the difference between the last and first element for each subset s of set S and output the sum of ll these differences. Time complexity for this approach is O(2

n

).

An efficient solution

to solve the problem in linear time complexity. We are given a set S consisting of n numbers, and we need to compute the sum of difference between last and first element of each subset of S, i.e., sumSetDiff(S) = ? (last(s) – first(s)), where sum goes over all subsets s of S. Equivalently, sumSetDiff(S) = ? (last(s)) – ? (first(s)), In other words, we can compute the sum of last element of each subset, and the sum of first element of each subset separately, and then compute their difference. Let us say that the elements of S are {a1, a2, a3,…, an}. Note the following observation:

  1. Subsets containing element a1 as the first element can be obtained by taking any subset of {a2, a3,…, an} and then including a1 into it. Number of such subsets will be 2n-1.
  2. Subsets containing element a2 as the first element can be obtained by taking any subset of {a3, a4,…, an} and then including a2 into it. Number of such subsets will be 2n-2.
  3. Subsets containing element ai as the first element can be obtained by taking any subset of {ai, a(i+1),…, an} and then including ai into it. Number of such subsets will be 2n-i.
  4. Therefore, the sum of first element of all subsets will be: SumF = a1.2
  5. n-1
  6. + a2.2
  7. n-2
  8. +…+ an.1 In a similar way we can compute the sum of last element of all subsets of S (Taking at every step ai as last element instead of first element and then obtaining all the subsets). SumL = a1.1 + a2.2 +…+ an.2
  9. n-1
  10. Finally, the answer of our problem will be
  11. SumL – SumF
  12. .
  13. Implementation:
  14. C++




    // A C++ program to find sum of difference between
    // last and first element of each subset
    #include<bits/stdc++.h>
     
    // Returns the sum of first elements of all subsets
    int SumF(int S[], int n)
    {
        int sum = 0;
     
        // Compute the SumF as given in the above explanation
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            sum = sum + (S[i] * pow(2, n-i-1));
        return sum;
    }
     
    // Returns the sum of last elements of all subsets
    int SumL(int S[], int n)
    {
        int sum = 0;
     
        // Compute the SumL as given in the above explanation
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            sum = sum + (S[i] * pow(2, i));
        return sum;
    }
     
    // Returns the difference between sum of last elements of
    // each subset and the sum of first elements of each subset
    int sumSetDiff(int S[], int n)
    {
        return SumL(S, n) - SumF(S, n);
    }
     
    // Driver program to test above function
    int main()
    {
        int n = 4;
        int S[] = {5, 2, 9, 6};
        printf("%d\n", sumSetDiff(S, n));
        return 0;
    }

    
    

    Java




    // A Java program to find sum of difference
    // between last and first element of each
    // subset
    class GFG {
         
        // Returns the sum of first elements
        // of all subsets
        static int SumF(int S[], int n)
        {
            int sum = 0;
     
            // Compute the SumF as given in
            // the above explanation
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                sum = sum + (int)(S[i] *
                    Math.pow(2, n - i - 1));
            return sum;
        }
     
        // Returns the sum of last elements
        // of all subsets
        static int SumL(int S[], int n)
        {
            int sum = 0;
     
            // Compute the SumL as given in
            // the above explanation
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                sum = sum + (int)(S[i] *
                             Math.pow(2, i));
                              
            return sum;
        }
     
        // Returns the difference between sum
        // of last elements of each subset and
        // the sum of first elements of each
        // subset
        static int sumSetDiff(int S[], int n)
        {
            return SumL(S, n) - SumF(S, n);
        }
     
        // Driver program
        public static void main(String arg[])
        {
            int n = 4;
            int S[] = { 5, 2, 9, 6 };
             
            System.out.println(sumSetDiff(S, n));
        }
    }
     
    // This code is contributed by Anant Agarwal.

    
    

    Python3




    # Python3 program to find sum of
    # difference between last and
    # first element of each subset
     
    # Returns the sum of first
    # elements of all subsets
    def SumF(S, n):
     
        sum = 0
     
        # Compute the SumF as given
        # in the above explanation
        for i in range(n):
            sum = sum + (S[i] * pow(2, n - i - 1))
        return sum
     
    # Returns the sum of last
    # elements of all subsets
    def SumL(S, n):
     
        sum = 0
     
        # Compute the SumL as given
        # in the above explanation
        for i in range(n):
            sum = sum + (S[i] * pow(2, i))
        return sum
     
     
    # Returns the difference between sum
    # of last elements of each subset and
    # the sum of first elements of each subset
    def sumSetDiff(S, n):
     
        return SumL(S, n) - SumF(S, n)
     
    # Driver program
    n = 4
    S = [5, 2, 9, 6]
    print(sumSetDiff(S, n))
     
    # This code is contributed by Anant Agarwal.

    
    

    C#




    // A C# program to find sum of difference
    // between last and first element of each
    // subset
    using System;
    class GFG {
          
        // Returns the sum of first elements
        // of all subsets
        static int SumF(int []S, int n)
        {
            int sum = 0;
      
            // Compute the SumF as given in
            // the above explanation
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                sum = sum + (int)(S[i] *
                    Math.Pow(2, n - i - 1));
            return sum;
        }
      
        // Returns the sum of last elements
        // of all subsets
        static int SumL(int []S, int n)
        {
            int sum = 0;
      
            // Compute the SumL as given in
            // the above explanation
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                sum = sum + (int)(S[i] *
                             Math.Pow(2, i));
                               
            return sum;
        }
      
        // Returns the difference between sum
        // of last elements of each subset and
        // the sum of first elements of each
        // subset
        static int sumSetDiff(int []S, int n)
        {
            return SumL(S, n) - SumF(S, n);
        }
      
        // Driver program
        public static void Main()
        {
            int n = 4;
            int []S = { 5, 2, 9, 6 };
              
            Console.Write(sumSetDiff(S, n));
        }
    }
      
    // This code is contributed by nitin mittal.

    
    

    Javascript




    // Returns the sum of first elements of all subsets
    function sumF(S, n) {
        let sum = 0;
     
        // Compute the SumF as given in the above explanation
        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            sum += S[i] * Math.pow(2, n - i - 1);
        }
        return sum;
    }
     
    // Returns the sum of last elements of all subsets
    function sumL(S, n) {
        let sum = 0;
     
        // Compute the SumL as given in the above explanation
        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            sum += S[i] * Math.pow(2, i);
        }
        return sum;
    }
     
    // Returns the difference between sum of last elements of each subset and the sum of first elements of each subset
    function sumSetDiff(S, n) {
        return sumL(S, n) - sumF(S, n);
    }
     
    // Driver program to test the above functions
    function main() {
        const n = 4;
        const S = [5, 2, 9, 6];
        console.log(sumSetDiff(S, n));
    }
     
    main();

    
    

    PHP




    <?php
    // A PHP program to find sum
    // of difference between last
    // and first element of each subset
     
    // Returns the sum of first
    // elements of all subsets
    function SumF( $S, $n)
    {
        $sum = 0;
     
        // Compute the SumF as given
        // in the above explanation
        for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++)
            $sum = $sum + ($S[$i] *
                   pow(2, $n - $i - 1));
        return $sum;
    }
     
    // Returns the sum of last
    // elements of all subsets
    function SumL( $S, $n)
    {
        $sum = 0;
     
        // Compute the SumL as given
        // in the above explanation
        for($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++)
            $sum = $sum + ($S[$i] *
                        pow(2, $i));
        return $sum;
    }
     
    // Returns the difference between
    // sum of last elements of
    // each subset and the sum of
    // first elements of each subset
    function sumSetDiff( $S, $n)
    {
        return SumL($S, $n) - SumF($S, $n);
    }
     
        // Driver Code
        $n = 4;
        $S = array(5, 2, 9, 6);
        echo sumSetDiff($S, $n);
         
    // This code is contributed by anuj_67.
    ?>

    
    

  15. Output:
  16. 21
  17. Time Complexity : O(n) This article is contributed by
  18. Akash Aggarwal
  19. . If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using
  20. contribute.geeksforgeeks.org
  21. or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.


Last Updated : 26 Oct, 2023
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